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1 Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What r the two anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What does the CNS include? 2 things

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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3
Q

What nerves does the PNS include? 4 points

A

All other nerve tissues not within the CNS

Spinal nerves (31 pairs)

Cranial nerves (12 pairs)

Autonomic nerves

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4
Q

Name 3 autonomic nerves

A

Visceral afferents
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves

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5
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A nerve cell

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6
Q

What do dendrites do? 2things

A

Increase SA of cell body

Reach out and communicate with adjacent neurones

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7
Q

What does a myelin sheath do? 2 things

A

Electrical insulator

Allows rapid transmittance of electrical activity along the axon

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8
Q

Name this structure

A

Dendrites

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9
Q

Name this structure

A

Ganglion

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10
Q

Name this structure

A

Nerve cell body

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11
Q

Name this structure

A

Myelin sheath

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12
Q

Name this structure

A

Axon

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13
Q

How many functions can a single nerve fibre carry?

A

One

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14
Q

What r the 6 different functions that nerve fibres carry?

A
  1. Somatic sensory function
  2. Somatic motor function
  3. Special sensory function
  4. Visceral afferent function
  5. Sympathetic function
  6. Parasympathetic function
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15
Q

What does somatic mean?

A

Body wall

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16
Q

What does visceral mean?

A

Organ

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17
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

Another word for sensory

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18
Q

What does somatic sensory function do?

A

Conveys sensory information from the body wall

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19
Q

What does somatic motor function do?

A

Tells a muscle connected to the body wall to do something

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20
Q

What does special sensory function do?

A

Tells the brain about a special sensation
(sight, smell, taste, sound or balance)

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21
Q

What does visceral afferent function do?

A

conveys sensory information from an organ

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22
Q

What does sympathetic function do?

A

Tells cardiac/smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete

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23
Q

What does parasympathetic function do?

A

Tells cardiac/smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete

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24
Q

What is a mixed nerve

A

Carries 2 or more functional types of nerve fibre to any given region of the body or structure

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25
Q

Name this section of the brain

A

Right cerebral hemisphere

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26
Q

Name this section of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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27
Q

Name this section of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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28
Q

Name this section of the brain

A

A gyrus

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29
Q

Name this section of the brain

A

A sulcus

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30
Q

Name this section of the brain

A

Brain stem

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31
Q

Name this section of the brain

A

Spinal cord

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32
Q

Name this section of cranial bone

A

Frontal

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33
Q

Name this section of cranial bone

A

Temporal

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34
Q

Name this section of cranial bone

A

Parietal

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35
Q

Name this section of cranial bone

A

Occipital

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36
Q

Name this lobe of the brain

A

Frontal lobe

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37
Q

Name this lobe of the brain

A

Parietal lobe

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38
Q

Name this lobe of the brain

A

Occipital lobe

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39
Q

Name this lobe of the brain

A

Temporal lobe

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40
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Fine motor control
(posture, balance, co-ordination)

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41
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Visual processing

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42
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Proprioception, sensory information integration

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43
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for? 3 things

A

Motor function
Impulse control
Judgement

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44
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Visual memory
Processing sensory input

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45
Q

What is the cerebral neocortex?

A

The outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphere

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46
Q

Name this part of the brain

A

Grey matter

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47
Q

Name this part of the brain

A

White matter

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48
Q

Name this part of the brain

A

White matter

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49
Q

What is in grey matter?

A

Full of cell bodies

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50
Q

What is in white matter

A

Many myelinated axons

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51
Q

In the spinal chord where is the white matter in relation to the grey matter?

A

White matter is superficial and grey matter is deep

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52
Q

What is the name of CN V?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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53
Q

What is the name of CN VII?

A

Facial nerve

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54
Q

Why are they called cranial nerves?

A

All course through the cranial cavity

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55
Q

Name this structure

A

Brainstem

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56
Q

Cranial nerves are bilateral, what does this mean?

A

There is a right and a left one, e.g. left CN I and right CN I

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57
Q

Name this structure

A

Pons

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58
Q

Name this structure

A

Midbrain

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59
Q

Name this structure

A

Medulla oblongata

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60
Q

Name this structure

A

CN V1, V2, V,3
Trigeminal nerve

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61
Q

Name this structure

A

CN VII
facial nerve

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62
Q

Name this structure

A

Spinal chord

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63
Q

Name this structure

A

Medulla oblongata

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64
Q

Name this structure

A

Pons

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65
Q

Name this structure

A

Midbrain

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66
Q

Is the Trigeminal nerve CNV and facial nerve CNVII somatic sensory, somatic motor or mixed fibres?

A

Mixed

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67
Q

Are there sympathetic axons in cranial nerves?

A

No

68
Q

What fibres does each CN V Trigeminal nerve contain?

A

V1&2: sensory
V3: sensory and motor

69
Q

What 3 different fibres does CN VII facial nerve contain?

A

Special sensory, motor and parasympathetic

70
Q

Why r there foraminae/fissures/canals in the base of the skull

A

For CNS to pass between the brain and periphery

71
Q

Name this section of the base of the skull

A

Anterior cranial fossa

72
Q

Name this section of the skull cap

A

Middle cranial fossa

73
Q

Name this section of the skull cap

A

Posterior cranial fossa

74
Q
A

Superior orbital fissure

75
Q

Name this foraminae

A

Foramen rotundum

76
Q

Name this foraminae

A

Foramen ovale

77
Q

Name this foraminae

A

Internal acoustic meatus

78
Q

Name this foraminae

A

Foramen magnum

79
Q

Why is the middle cranial fossa the most important to a dentist?

A

The CN V Trigeminal nerve exits the skull here.
Through the superior orbital fissure, Foramen rotundum and Foramen ovale

80
Q

What does the spinal chord go through to exit the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

81
Q

What is the spinal chord protected by?

A

Vertebral canal

82
Q

What r the 4 segments of the spinal chord?

A

Cervical segment
Thoracic segment
Lumbar segment
Sacral/coccygeal segment

83
Q

What r the 2 enlargements in the spinal chord?

A

Cervical enlargement
Lumbosacral enlargement

84
Q

How does the spinal chord connect with the spinal nerves?

A

Bilaterally

85
Q

How many spinal nerves does the spinal chord connect to

A

31 pairs

86
Q

The spinal chord ends inferiorly at what intervertebral disc level?

A

L1/L2 intervertebral disc level

87
Q

Name this segment of the spinal chord

A

Cervical segment

88
Q

Name this segment of the spinal chord

A

Thoracic segment

89
Q

Name this segment of the spinal chord

A

Lumbar segment

90
Q

Name this segment of the spinal chord

A

Sacral/coccygeal segment

91
Q

Name this enlargement of the spinal chord

A

Cervical enlargement

92
Q

Name this enlargement of the spinal chord

A

Lumbosacral enlargement

93
Q

What is the terminal part of the spinal chord called?

A

Conus medullaris

94
Q

Name this section of the vertebral canal

A

Cauda equina

95
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots descending into the vertebral canal to there respective intervertebral foraminae

96
Q

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves?

A

8
C1-C8

97
Q

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves?

A

12
T1-T12

98
Q

How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves?

A

5
L1-L5

99
Q

How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves?

A

5
S1-S5

100
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves?

A

1
Co

101
Q

What is the soma?

A

Body wall

102
Q

Name this structure

A

Spinal chord

103
Q

Name this structure

A

T4 posterior ramus

104
Q

Name this structure

A

Right T4 spinal nerve

105
Q

Name this structure

A

Skin

106
Q

Name this structure

A

Fascia

107
Q

Name this structure

A

Skeletal muscle

108
Q

Name this structure

A

right T4 anterior ramus

109
Q

Name this structure

A

Parietal pleura

110
Q

Name this structure

A

Sympathetic chains

111
Q

What r the structure included in the soma? 6 things

A

Neck wall
Chest wall
Diaphragm
Abdominal wall
Pelvic wall
All 4 limbs

112
Q

Name this structure

A

Right posterior rootlet

113
Q

Name this structure

A

Right posterior root

114
Q

Name this structure

A

Posterior rami

115
Q
A

Anterior rami

116
Q

Name this structure

A

Spinal nerve

117
Q

Name this structure

A

Right anterior root

118
Q

Name this structure

A

Right anterior rootlet

119
Q

Name this structure

A

White matter

120
Q

Name this structure

A

Grey matter

121
Q

Name this structure

A

Intervertebral Foramen

122
Q

What type of fibres do posterior rootlets and roots contain?

A

Sensory fibres

123
Q

What type of fibres do anterior rootlets and roots contain?

A

Motor fibres

124
Q

What type of fibres does the spinal nerve contain?

A

Mixed
Sensory and motor fibres

125
Q

Each segment of the body wall is supplied by how many spinal nerves?

A

Single pair

126
Q

What does a dermatome map do?

A

Illustrates which part of the body is supplied by which pair of spinal nerves

127
Q

Which dermatome is the level of the male nipple?

A

T4

128
Q

Which dermatome is the level of the umbilicus?

A

T10

129
Q

Where are there dermatomes that contain no posterior rami?

A

Limbs

130
Q

The nervous system is subdivided on the basis of function into what 2 things?

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

131
Q

What does the somatic nervous system respond to?

A

External environment

132
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Senses and responds to the Internal environment

133
Q

Where do the somatic nerves supply?

A

Soma: body wall

134
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Senses and responds to external environment

135
Q

Axons of somatic neurones are found in what?

A

Spinal nerve branches (named nerves)

136
Q

What do somatic sensory nerves do? (From 5 things)

A

Relay sensory information from the skin, parietal pleura, skeletal muscle, bones and joints

137
Q

What do somatic motor nerve fibres do

A

Relay information to skeletal muscles to allow us to contract those muscles

138
Q

Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

A

Voluntary
(NB reflexes)

139
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

140
Q

What r the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest

141
Q

What 7 things does the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect?

A

Heart
Arterioles
Skin
Lungs
Gut
Pupils
Liver

142
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart?

A

Increases heart rate

143
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the arterioles?

A

Dilated or constricts

144
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the skin

A

Makes hair stand on end and produces sweat

145
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the lungs

A

Dilated bronchioles

146
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the gut?

A

Reduces motility / closes sphincters

147
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the pupils?

A

Dilates

148
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the liver?

A

Releases glucose

149
Q

What don’t have a parasympathetic nerve supply?

A

Skin and arterioles

150
Q

What does the parasympathetic part of the nervous system affect? 5 things

A

Heart
Lungs
Gut
Pupils
Liver

151
Q

How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the heart?

A

Decreases heart rate

152
Q

How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the lungs?

A

Constricts bronchioles

153
Q

How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the gut?

A

Increases motility/opens sphincters

154
Q

How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the pupils?

A

Constricts

155
Q

How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the liver?

A

Doesn’t release glucose

156
Q

What r the 6 steps in the transit of sympathetics from the brain to the organs?

A
  1. Action potential arise from autonomic centres in brain
  2. Pass down spinal chord
  3. Thoracolumbar flow (T1-L2)
  4. Enter sympathetic chain
  5. Pass into 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  6. Splanchnic nerves to organs
157
Q

What r located within the lateral horns of T1-L2 spinal chord segments?

A

Cell bodies for the next sympathetic neurones in the chain

158
Q

What r the 4 steps for the presynaptic sympathetic neurone to get from the spinal chord to the sympathetic chain?
Blue dotted line

A
  1. Anterior roots
  2. Spinal nerve
  3. Anterior ramus
  4. Rami communicans to paravertebral ganglion in sympathetic chain
159
Q

What happens in the sympathetic chain? 2 things

A

Synapse within a paravertebral ganglion

Now called postsynaptic sympathetic neurone

160
Q

What’s the route the postsynaptic sympathetic neurone takes from the sympathetic chain to the stoma?

A

Back along another rami communicans
Anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve, into body wall (stoma)

161
Q

Name this structure

A

Rami communicans

162
Q

All parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via what? 2things

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX & X

Sacral spinal nerves

163
Q

What is parasympathetic outflow called?

A

Craniosacral outflow

164
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves supply to?

A

Internal organs

165
Q

What does the parasympathetic ganglia supply to? 2things

A

Lacrimal and salivary glands

166
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply to? 3 things

A

Organs of the neck, chest and abdomen as far as midgut

167
Q

What do the sacral spinal nerves carry parasympathetic axons to?

A

Hindgut, pelvis and perineum

1 Anatomy (7 decks)

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