Cardiovascular And Respiratory System Flashcards by Jessica Lomas | Brainscape

Q

Where is the thorax located?

A

Below the neck and above the abdomen

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Q

What are the two parts of the thorax?

A

Chest walls
Chest cavity

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Q

What do the chest walls do? 3 things

A

Protect the heart and lungs
Make movements of breathing
In females contain breast tissue for lactation

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Q

What r the chest walls made of? 6 things

A

Skeletal structures
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Soft tissues
Underlying skin

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Q

What does the chest cavity contain? 3 things

A

Visceral structures (heart and lungs)
Major vessels
Nerves

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Q

Name this structure of the chest wall

A

Clavicle

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Q

Name this structure of the chest wall

A

Spine of scapula

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Q

Name this structure of the chest wall

A

Scapula

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Q

Name this structure of the chest wall

A

Thoracic vertebrae part of the vertebral column

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Q

Where is T1 located in respect to T12

A

T1 superior to T12

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Q

How many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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Q

How many ribs

A

12 pairs
24

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Q

How many vertebrae in total?

A

33

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Q

How many cervical vertebrae?

A

C1-7

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Q

How many lumbar vertebrae?

A

L1-5

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Q

How many sacral vertebrae?

A

5 that are fused to form 1 sacrum

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Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae?

A

4 fused to form 1 coccyx

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Q

Name this part of the vertebral column

A

Cervical

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Q

Name this part of the vertebral column

A

Thoracic

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Q

Name this part of the vertebral column

A

Lumbar

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Q

Name this part of the vertebral column

A

Sacram

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Q

Name this part of the vertebral column

A

Coccyx

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Q

What are primary curves of vertebral column?

A

Anterior concavity
Thoracic
Sacral/coccygeal

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Q

What are secondary curves of the vertebral column?

A

Posterior concavity
Cervical region
Lumbar region

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Q

Name this structure

A

Spinous process

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Q

Name this structure

A

Transverse process

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Q

Name this structure

A

Vertebral Foramen

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Q

Name this structure

A

Vertebral body

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Q

Name this structure

A

Pedicle

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Q

Name this structure

A

Lamina

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Q

Name this structure

A

Superior articular process

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Q

Name this structure

A

Inferior articular process

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Q

What does the spinous process do?

A

Ligament and muscle attachment

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Q

What does the transverse process do?

A

Ligament, muscle and rib articulation

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Q

What does the vertebral Foramen do?

A

Transmits and protects the spinal chord

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Q

What does the vertebral body do?

A

Weight bearing

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Q

What does the vertebral arch do?

A

Protects the spinal chord

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Q

What does the Pedicle do?

A

Connects body to arch

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Q

What does the Lamina do?

A

Connects processes

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Q

What does the superior and inferior articular processes do?

A

Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints

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Q

What does a typical rib mean?

A

Ribs that have the same anatomical features

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Q

What r the typical ribs number

A

3-9

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Q

What are the atypical ribs numbers

A

1,2,10,11,12

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Q

Name this structure of rib

A

Head

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Q

Name this structure of rib

A

Articular facet

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Q

Name this structure of rib

A

Neck

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Q

Name this structure of rib

A

Tubercle

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Q

Name this structure of rib

A

Body/shaft

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Q

Name this structure of rib

A

Costal groove

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Q

Where is the costal groove located on the rib

A

Inferiorly
on deep surface

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Q

What sits in the costal groove

A

Neurovascular bundle

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Q

What is a neurovascular bundle?

A

Bundle of tissues that contain an artery, nerve and vein

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Q

How is rib 1 atypical?

A

Short and broad so least likely to fracture

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Q

Why is there a scalene tubercle on rib 1?

A

Attachment of the scalenus anterior muscle

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Q

What is the anterior groove on rib 1 for?

A

Subclavian vein

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Q

What is the groove posterior to the scalene tubercle caused by?

A

Subclavian artery

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Q

How many articular facets does rib 1 have on its head?

A

1

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Q

How many articular facets does a typical rib have on the head

A

2

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Q

Name this structure of rib 1

A

Head with 1 articular facet

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Q

Name this structure of rib 1

A

Tubercle

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Q

Name this structure of rib 1

A

Body/shaft

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Q

Name this structure of rib 1

A

Scalene tubercle

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Q

Name this structure of rib 1

A

Anterior and posterior grooves

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Q

Rib 2 articulates with which thoracic vertebrae

A

T2 and T1

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Q

Where does the tubercle of the rib articulate with on the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Transverse process

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Q

What r the joints called between ribs and articular facets called?

A

Costovertebral joints

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Q

What types of joints costovertebral joints?

A

Synovial

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Q

What r the three parts of the sternum?

A

Menubrium
Body / mediasternum
Xiphoid process

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Q

Name this structure

A

Sternocostal joint

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Q

Name this structure

A

Costochondral joints

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Q

What r the sternocostal joints between

A

Costal cartilage and sternum

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Q

Where is the costochondral joint?

A

Link between the rib and costal cartilage

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Q

Name this structure

A

Costal cartilage

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Q

Name this structure

A

Costal margin

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Q

What’s the joint called between the sternum and clavicle

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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Q

At what rib level is the sternal angle

A

2

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Q

What’s the angle called between the menubrium and the media sternum?

A

Sternal angle

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Q

Name this structure

A

Jugular notch

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Q

Name this structure

A

Sternum

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Q

Name this structure

A

Xiphoid process

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Q

Name this structure

A

Costal margin

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Q

Name this structure

A

Pectoralis major muscles

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Q

Name this structure

A

Sternal angle at rib level 2

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Q

Name this structure

A

Clavicle

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Q

What layers would a scalpel blade pass through in order to see the underlying anatomy? 3 things

A

Skin
Superficial fascia /fat/ adipose tissue
Deep fascia

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Q

Where is the cephalic vein situated?

A

In the delta-pectoral groove

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Q

What does the cephalic vein do?

A

Takes venous blood from the upper limb back towards the veins in the neck

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Q

Name this structure

A

Superficial fascia

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Q

Name this structure

A

Deep fascia

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Q

Name this structure

A

Sensory intercostal nerves

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Q

Name this structure

A

Pectoralis major muscle

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Q

Name this structure

A

Delto-pectoral groove with cephalic vein

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Q

Name this structure

A

Deltoid muscle

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Q

Name this structure

A

Clavicle

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Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior muscles?

A

Anchor the scapula to the ribs/ thoracic cage

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Q

What innervates the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

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Q

What can happen if in surgery the long thoracic nerve is damaged?

A

Winged scapula

Q

Name this structure

A

Pectoralis major

Q

Name this structure

A

Thoracic nerve

Q

Name this structure

A

Latissimus dorsi

Q

Name this structure

A

Serratus anterior muscles

Q

Where does the Pectoralis minor muscle fit in relation to Pectoralis major?

A

Minor deep to major

Q

Name this structure

A

Sternum

Q

Name this structure

A

Latissimus dorsi

Q

Name this structure

A

Intercostal muscles

Q

Name this structure

A

Serratus anterior muscles

Q

Name this structure

A

Pectoralis minor

Q

Name this structure

A

Scapula

Q

Where do intercostal muscles sit?

A

Between the ribs

Q

What does chondral mean?

A

Cartilage

Q

What are the layers of intercostal muscle from most superficial to deep?

A

External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Innermost intercostals

Q

What do the intercostal muscles do?

A

Move the chest wall during respiration by pulling the ribs together

Q

Where is the neurovascular bundle situated in the muscles between ribs?

A

In intercostal space between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

Q

What does a neurovascular bundle contain?

A

Vein
Artery
Nerve

Q

What does the intercostal neurovascular bundle do?

A

Carries sensory information to the spinal chord

Carries motor innervation to the intercostal muscles

Q

Name this structure

A

Neurovascular bundle

Q

Name this structure

A

Costal groove

Q

Name this structure

A

External intercostal muscle

Q

Name this structure

A

Internal intercostal muscle

Q

Name this structure

A

Innermost intercostal muscle

Q

Name this structure

A

Lungs

Q

What is thoracocentesis?

A

Sampling fluid from pleural cavity
Via intercostal space
Below intercostal NVB
Above collateral intercostal NVB

Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

A

Skeletal muscle

Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Space in the chest that hold the heart, lungs and other structures

Q

What happens to the pleura in a developing lung?

A

Ling bud/developing lung displaces pleura
Lung grows till Visceral pleura nearly in contact with parietal pleura
Pleural fluid separate them
Pleural fluid causes them to stick together via surface tension
So when chest walls move lungs move also

Q

Where is parietal pleura

A

On walls of mediastinum

Q

Where is visceral pleura?

A

Part of the pleura that touches the lungs (organ)

Q

Where does excess fluid collect in the lungs?

A

Castodiaphragmatic recess

Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

Q

What are the three lobes of the right lung?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

Q

What are the fissures called in the right lung?

A

Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure

Q

What are the fissures called in the left lung?

A

Oblique fissure

Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

Q

Why doesn’t the left lobe have a middle lobe?

A

Heart sits towards the left

Q

What does the left lobe have instead of a middle lobe?

A

Lingula

Q

What is the lung hilum, what does it contain?

A

Root of the lung containing
Main bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins (2)

Q

What causes this surface marker in the right lung?

A

Azygous vein

Q

What causes this surface marker in the right lung?

A

Ribs

Q

What causes this surface marker in the right lung?

A

Diaphragm

Q

What causes this surface marker in the right lung?

A

Heart

Q

What causes this surface marker in the right lung?

A

Superior vena cava

Q

Name this nerve

A

Phrenic nerve

Q

Name this structure in the hilum of right lung

A

Superior pulmonary artery

Q

Name this structure in the hilum of right lung?

A

Posterior airway
Main bronchi

Q

What type of cartilage is in the bronchi walls?

A

Hyaline

Q

Name this structure in the hilum of right lung

A

anterior inferior pulmonary veins

Q

Name this structure in the hilum of right lung

A

Pulmonary lymph nodes

Q

What causes this surface marking in the left lung?

A

Aorta

Q

Name this nerve, which lung is it?

A

Phrenic nerve
Left lung

Q

Name this structure in the hilum of the left lung

A

Superior pulmonary artery

Q

Name this structure in the hilum of right lung

A

Posterior airway
bronchus

Q

Name this structure in the hilum of right lung

A

Anterior inferior pulmonary vein

Q

Name this structure in the hilum of right lung

A

Pulmonary lymph nodes

Q

What does the phrenic nerve consist of?

A

Combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves 3,4 and 5

Q

Where is the phrenic nerve found 2things?

A

Anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle

Descending over the lateral aspect of the heart

Q

What does the phrenic nerve do?

A

Supplies motor and sensory fibres to the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm

Q

What are the three steps of inspiration mechanics?

A

Diaphragm contracts and descends
Intercostal muscles contract, elevating ribs
Pleura pulls the lungs outwards with them

Q

3 steps of expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes and rises
Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs
Elastic recoil of lung tissue

Q

Name the 4 accessory muscles in forced inspiration?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus muscles

Q

Name this accessory muscle of inspiration

A

Pectoralis major

Q

Name this accessory muscle of inspiration

A

Pectoralis minor

Q

Name this accessory muscle of inspiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Q

Name this accessory muscle of inspiration

A

Scalene muscles including scalenus anterior

Q

What accessory muscle is used in forced expiration?

A

Rectus abdominus

Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Air within pleural cavity

Q

What are the two things that cause pneumothorax?

A

Injury to chest wall
Lung tissue rupture

Q

Explain pneumothorax by injury to chest wall

A

Air enters pleural cavity
Vacuum in pleural cavity lost
Visceral and parietal pleural don’t touch
Elastic recoil causes lung to collapse towards its hilum

Q

Explain pneumothorax due to lung tissue rupture

A

Chronic cough causes damage to tissue
Tear in visceral pleura
Breath in: air enters lung
Air leaves lung via tear entering pleural cavity
Loss of surface tension
Lung collapse towards hilum

Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

The level of the sternal angle

Q

The trachea bifurcates into what?

A

Right and left primary bronchus

Q

Compare the right and left bronchus 3 things

A

Right is
Wider
Shorter
More vertical

Q

In an upright patient, foreign bodies tend to be inhaled into where in the lungs?

A

Lower lobe of right lung

Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Area that lies in between the lungs

Q

The mediastinum is divided into 4 parts name these

A

Superior
Inferior anterior
Inferior middle
Inferior posterior

Q

In which part of the mediastinum is the heart located?

A

Inferior middle mediastinum

Q

Where is the division between superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Level of the sternal angle

Q

Where and what is the pericardium?

A

In the inferior middle mediastinum
Sac/bag surrounding the heart

Q

What r the two layers of the pericardium, where r they located?

A

Outer fibrous pericardium
Deep serous pericardium

Q

What does the fibrous pericardium do? 2 things

A

Protects from penetrating injuries
Prevents overfilling

Q

What is haemopericardium?

A

Pericardial cavity fills with blood

Q

What does haemopericardium do?

A

Causes cardiac tamponade
As
Increased pressure prevents cardiac contraction

Q

2 adjectives describing serous pericardium

A

Membranous
Glistening

Q

What does serous pericardium do?

A

Secretes serous fluid

Q

Does fibrous or serous pericardium have 2 layers?

A

Serous pericardium

Q

What are the 2 layers of serous pericardium?

A

Visceral adherent to epicardium
Parietal adherent to fibrous pericardium

Q

Steps of heart development from embryonic heart 4 things

A

-heart size increases
- visceral serous pericardium touches parietal serous pericardium
- pericardial cavity small and contains lubricating pericardial fluid

Q

What’s another name for the visceral serous pericardium?

A

Epicardium

Q

What is the myocardium ?

A

Middle muscle tissue layer of heart

Q

What is the endocardium layer of the heart continuous with?

A

Endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart

Q

Name this tissue layer of the heart

A

Epicardium

Q

Name this tissue layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

Q

Name this tissue layer of the heart

A

Endocardium

Q

What’s an auricle?

A

Extensions of the atria to allow for maximal filling

Q

Name this surface of the heart

A

Anterior surface

Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Apex

Q

Name this surface of the heart

A

Base posterior

Q

Name this surface of the heart

A

Inferior posterior

Q

What’s another name for the inferior surface of the heart?

A

Diaphragmatic surface as sits on top of diaphragm

Q

What is used to differential between the posterior base and inferior surface of the heart?

A

Coronary sinus

Q

What is the proper term for heart attack?

A

Myocardial infarction

Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Irreversible death (necrosis) of part of the myocardium due to blockage of its arterial blood supply

Q

What supplies the myocardium with oxygenated blood?

A

Coronary arteries

Q

What are the first two branches of the aorta?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

Q

Deoxygenated blood is drained from the myocardium by what to where?

A

Network of veins
Drain into coronary sinus
Drains into right atrium

Q

What drains into the right atrium? 3 things

A

Coronary sinus, superior and inferior vena cava

Q

What divides the left and right ventricles?

A

Intra-ventricular septum

Q

What divides the right and left atrium?

A

Intra-atrial septum

Q

Deoxygenated blood pathway in and out of heart

A

Superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries to lungs

Q

Oxygenated blood pathway in and out of heart including valves

A

Lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta to rest of body

Q

Direction electrical excitation spread over myocardium to allow coordinated beating of chambers?

A

Sinoatrial node, atria, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle of his, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibres which brings out contraction of ventricles

Q

What is the first heart sound caused by? Lub

A

Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

Q

What is the second heart sound caused by? Dub

A

Closure of pulmonary and aortic valves

Q

Name this part of the aorta

A

Arch

Q

Name this part of the aorta

A

Ascending aorta

Q

Name this part of the aorta

A

Abdominal

Q

Name this part of the aorta

A

Descending aorta

Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

When capillaries oxygenate tissues a small amount of fluid is squeezed out
Most absorbed by venules
Some left behind

Q

What is Edema?

A

Build up of tissue fluid causing swelling

Q

What happens to excess tissue fluid

A

Lymphatic drainage
Lymphatic vessels draw up excess fluid
Fluid now lymph
Lymph nodes clean fluid and return it to venous blood supply

Q

Where does the lymph from the grey parts of the image drain to

A

Thoracic duct

Q

Where does the lymph from the pink parts of the diagram drain to?

A

Lymphatic duct

Q

Explain the movement of venous blood from the intercostal spaces to heart

A

Intercostal veins, azygous vein, superior vena cava, right atrium

Q

Name this structure

A

Azygous vein

Q

Name this structure

A

Azygous vein

Q

Name this structure

A

Intercostal veins

Q

Name this structure

A

Superior vena cava

Q

Name this artery

A

Right Common carotid artery

Q

Name this artery

A

Right subclavian artery

Q

Name this artery

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Q

Name this artery

A

Left subclavian artery

Q

Name this artery

A

Left common carotid artery

Q

Name this vein.

A

Right and left brachiocephalic veins

Q

Name this vein

A

Superior vena cava

Q

Name this vein

A

Right and left subclavian veins

Q

Name this vein

A

Right and left internal jugular veins

Q

Name this part of the lung

A

Superior lobe

Q

Name this part of the lung

A

Inferior lobe

Q

Name this part of the lung

A

Middle lobe

Q

Name this part of the lung

A

Oblique fissure

Q

Name this part of the lung

A

Horizontal fissure

Q

Name this part of the lung

A

Lingula