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Gastrointestinal System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

A continuous ‘tube’ commencing at the oral cavity and ending at the anus

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2
Q

What are the two components of the GI tract in the head region?

A

Oral cavity and Pharynx

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3
Q

What are the two components of the GI tract in the neck region

A

Pharynx and Oesophagus

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4
Q

What is the one component of the GI tract in the thorax?

A

Oesophagus

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5
Q

What are the 4 components of the GI tract in the abdomen region?

A

Stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, most accessory organs of the GI tract

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6
Q

What is the one component of the GI tract in the pelvis region?

A

Rectum

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7
Q

What are the two components of the GI tract that are in the perineum region?

A

Anal canal and Anus

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8
Q

What are the 3 functions of the GI system?

A
  1. introduce food into the body
  2. Digest and absorb nutrients and toxins
  3. Excrete residual waste out of the body
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9
Q

4 functions of the oral cavity

A

Sensing
Salivation
Chewing
Initiating swallow

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10
Q

3 functions of the pharynx

A

Defence against infection (tonsils)
Swallowing
Airway protection

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11
Q

Function of the oesophagus

A

Transit from pharynx to stomach

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12
Q

3 functions of the stomach and small intestine

A

Transit
Defence against infection (acid)
Digestions and absorption

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13
Q

4 functions of the large intestine and anus

A

Transit
Reabsorption of H2O & electrolytes
Stool formation
Waste excretion

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14
Q

What is this component of the GI tract?

A

Oral cavity

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15
Q

What is this component of the GI tract?

A

Pharynx

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16
Q

What is this component of the GI tract?

A

Oesophagus

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17
Q

What is this component of the GI tract?

A

Stomach

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18
Q

What is this component of the GI tract?

A

Large intestine

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19
Q

What is this component of the GI tract?

A

Anus

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20
Q

What is this component of the GI tract?

A

Rectum

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21
Q

What is this component of the GI tract?

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

What is this structure in the oral cavity?

A

Nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is this structure in the oral cavity?

A

Soft palate

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24
Q

What is this structure in the oral cavity?

A

Tongue

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25
Q

What is this structure in the oral cavity?

A

Hyoid bone

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26
Q

What is this structure in the oral cavity?

A

Muscle of the floor of the mouth

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27
Q

What is this structure in the oral cavity?

A

Mandible

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28
Q

What is this structure in the oral cavity?

A

Teeth (dentition)

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29
Q

What is this structure in the oral cavity?

A

Oral cavity

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30
Q

What is this structure in the oral cavity?

A

Hard palate

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31
Q

What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Upper dental arch

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32
Q

What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Palatine tonsil

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33
Q

What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Gingiva

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34
Q

What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Lower dental arch

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35
Q

What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Uvula

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36
Q

What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Tongue

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37
Q

What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Arches of the soft palate

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38
Q

What are the names of the two arches of soft palate and where r they located in relation to one another?

A

Palatoglossal arch: anterior
Palatopharyngeal arch: posterior

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39
Q

What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Soft palate

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40
Q

What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?

A

Hard palate

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41
Q

What does mastication mean?

A

Chewing

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42
Q

What 2 things does mastication do?

A

Movement of tongue and jaw breaks down food

Facilitates taste and digestion by mixing food with saliva

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43
Q

What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?

A

Maxilla

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44
Q

What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?

A

Tongue

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45
Q

What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?

A

Mandible

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46
Q

What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?

A

Lower dentition

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47
Q

What is this piece of food called in this coronal view of the oral cavity?

A

Food bolus

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48
Q

What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?

A

Buccinator

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49
Q

What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?

A

Upper dentition

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50
Q

What is the joint called which the muscles of mastication act on to elevate and depress the mandible?

A

Temporomandibular joint

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51
Q

Name the 4 muscles of mastication, which ones elevate the mandible?

A

Temporalis: elevate
Lateral Pterygoid: depress
Medial pterygoid: elevate
Masseter: elevate

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52
Q

Name this structure?

A

Temporomandibular joint

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53
Q

Name this structure?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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54
Q

Name this structure?

A

Medial pterygoid

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55
Q

Name this structure?

A

Masseter

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56
Q

Name this structure?

A

Temporalis

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57
Q

Name this structure?

A

Temporalis

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58
Q

How many teeth in adult dentition and deciduous teeth?

A

32 adult
20 child

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59
Q

What are the 2 sections of the tongue?

A

Posterior 1/3 vertical part
Anterior 2/3 horizontal part

60
Q

Name this structure of the tongue

A

Foliate papillae

61
Q

Name this structure of the tongue

A

Vallate papillae

62
Q

Name this structure of the tongue

A

Fungiform papillae

63
Q

Name this structure of the tongue

A

Filiform papillae

64
Q

What r the 2 types of muscles in the tongue and what do they do?

A

Extrinsic: move tongue and attach tongue to bony skeleton

Intrinsic: changes the shape of the tongue

65
Q

What are the 5 functions of saliva?

A
  1. Solute to allow tasting to occur
  2. Contains mucin (lubricant) to aid swallowing & speech & keep mucosa moist
  3. Buffer for plaque acids
  4. Contains antimicrobial elements
  5. Amylase to begin carbohydrate digestion
66
Q

What r the 3 major salivary glands and where r they?

A

Parotid: near ear
Submandibular: under mandible
Sublingual: under tongue

67
Q

What r the minor salivary glands called and what do they do?

A

Oral mucosa: basal secretion ( background and continuous) to keep the mouth moist

68
Q

What 2 things stimulate salivation?

A
  1. Thought, sight, smell of food or presence of food in the mouth
  2. Painful oral conditions e.g. teething or fractured mandible
69
Q

Name this gland

A

Parotid gland

70
Q

Name this gland

A

Submandibular gland

71
Q

Name this gland

A

Sublingual gland

72
Q

Parotid gland: where does the duct go and where does it secrete into?

A

Crossed the face and secretes into the maxilla by the upper 2nd molar

73
Q

Submandibular gland: where does the duct go and secrete via?

A

Enters floor of mouth and secretes via sublingual caruncle

74
Q

Sublingual gland: where is it located and secretes via?

A

Located in floor of mouth
Secretes via several ducts superiorly

75
Q

Name this muscle of facial expression and what 2 things does it do?

A

Buccinator
1. Tenses the cheek
2. Align food between teeth

76
Q

Name this muscle of facial expression and what’s does it do?

A

Orbicularis oris

Prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing by closing lips

77
Q

What is the pharynx located posterior to?

A

The oral cavity, nasal cavity and larynx

78
Q

Name this structure

A

Nasopharynx

79
Q

Name this part of the pharynx

A

Oropharynx

80
Q

Name this part of the pharynx

A

Laryngopharynx

81
Q

Name this structure

A

Oesophagus

82
Q

Name this structure

83
Q

Name this structure

84
Q

Name this structure

A

Epiglottis

85
Q

What is this structure called?

A

Laryngeal inlet

86
Q

What is the oesophagus and what’s it’s function?

A

Muscular tube
Transmit food and liquids from pharynx to stomach

87
Q

What types of muscle in the oesophagus and where?

A

Skeletal muscle proximally to smooth muscle

88
Q

Name this structure

89
Q

Name this structure

A

Oesophagus

90
Q

Name this structure

91
Q

Name this structure

92
Q

What is the peritoneum and where is it found?

A

A continuous serous membrane, which secretes lubricating peritoneal fluid into the peritoneal cavity

Lines abdominal cavity and invests viscera

93
Q

Peritoneum abdominal cavity:
Name this structure

A

Visceral peritoneum

94
Q

Peritoneum abdominal cavity:

Name this structure

A

Parietal peritoneum

95
Q

Peritoneum abdominal cavity:

Name this structure

A

Retroperitoneum

96
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, caused by infection from surgery or trauma

97
Q

Name this structure

A

Terminal (distal) oesophagus

98
Q

Name this structure

99
Q

Name this structure

100
Q

Name this structure

A

Small intestine

101
Q

Name this structure

A

Large intestine

102
Q

Name this structure

A

Gall bladder

103
Q

Name this structure

104
Q

What is this structure?

A

Pyloric sphincter

105
Q

What is this structure?

A

Oesophagus

106
Q

What is this structure

107
Q

What is this structure

108
Q

How is the small intestine attached to the body

A

By mesentery

109
Q

Name these three parts of the small intestine

A

Top left jejunum
Bottom left ileum
Top right duodenum

110
Q

What is the mesentery? 3 things

A

Double layer of peritoneum
Connects organs to body wall
Allows passages of nerves arteries and veins

111
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

Lies in the curvature of the duodenum

112
Q

What are the 2 functions of the pancreas?

A
  1. Endocrine: releases hormones in blood (insulin)
  2. Exocrine: releases digestive enzymes into small intestine 
113
Q

What are the 3 functions of the liver?

A
  1. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
  2. Detoxifies blood
  3. Bile production
114
Q

Function of the gall bladder?

A

Store and concentrate bile

115
Q

Name this structure

A

Gall bladder

116
Q

Name this structure

A

Common hepatic duct

117
Q

Name this structure

A

Cystic duct

118
Q

Name this structure

119
Q

Name this structure

120
Q

Name this structure

A

Pancreatic duct

121
Q

3 functions of the large intestine

A
  1. Transit
  2. Reabsorption of H2O & electrolytes
  3. Stool formation
122
Q

Name this section structure

123
Q

Name this section of the large intestine

124
Q

Name this section of the large intestine

A

Ascending colon

125
Q

Name this section of the large intestine

A

Transverse colon

126
Q

Name this section of the large intestine

A

Descending colon

127
Q

Name this section of the large intestine

A

Sigmoid colon

128
Q

2 functions of the rectum

A

Stool formation
Stool storage

129
Q

Anus function

A

Waste excretion

130
Q

Name these 2 structures

A

Rectum
Anal canal, Anus

131
Q

The abdominal organs are described in 3 parts according to embryo logical origin. What r they?

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

132
Q

Where is the foregut located, what organs?

A

Oesophagus to mid duodenum
Liver, gall bladder, spleen, stomach, 1/2 pancreas

133
Q

What is located in the midgut?

A

Mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon, 1/2 pancreas

134
Q

What is located in the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal, includes rectum

135
Q

Name this artery coming off the descending abdominal aorta

A

Coeliac trunk

136
Q

Name this artery coming off the descending abdominal aorta

A

Superior mesenteric artery

137
Q

Name this artery coming off the descending abdominal aorta

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

138
Q

Which abdominal organ section does the coeliac trunk supply blood to?

139
Q

Which abdominal organ section does the superior mesenteric artery supply blood to?

140
Q

Which abdominal organ section does the inferior mesenteric artery supply blood to?

A

Hindgut organs

141
Q

Name this vein

A

Splenic vein

142
Q

Name this vein

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

143
Q

Name this vein

A

Superior mesenteric vein

144
Q

Name this vein

A

Portal vein

145
Q

Where does the portal venous system drain from and what type of blood?

A

From absorptive parts of GI tract and accessory organs to the liver via portal vein

Deoxygenated and nutrient rich

146
Q

Where does the systemic venous system drain from?

A

Deoxygenated blood from rest of body to right atrium including blood from liver via hepatic veins

1 Anatomy (7 decks)

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