Locomotion Flashcards
What is the main function of the musculoskeletal system?
Allows movement and interaction with our environment
What r the three parts of the musculoskeletal system?
Bones
Joints
Muscles
What r the 4 functions of bones?
Structural support
Calcium store
Haematopoiesis
Protection
What is haematopoiesis?
Production of red blood cells
What r the 3 functions of joints?
Facilitate movement
Allow growth
Stability
What r the 2 functions of muscles?
Generate movement
Generate heat
What type of bone is the outer cortex made up of?
Compact (cortical) bone
Describe 3 things about compact (cortical) bone
Dense, strong, heavy
What type of bone is the inner medulla made up of?
Spongy/ trabecular/ cancellous bone
Describe 3 things about the spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone
Weaker, porous, lighter
The medulla may contain bone marrow, what is bone marrow the site of?
Red and white blood cell production
Which bones have bone marrow which is the site of red and white blood cell production?
6 things
Hip bone
Breast bone
Skull
Ribs
Vertebrae
Cancellous (spongy) material at proximal ends of femur and humerus
Name this structure
Bone marrow
Name this structure
Inner medulla
Name this structure
Outer cortex
What is the periosteum?
Fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ that surrounds the bone
The periosteum is what two things?
Vascularised
Well innervated
What r the 3 nutrient vessels in bone?
Artery
Vein
Lymphatic vessel
What do the nutrient artery and vein do?
Cary blood to and from the medullary cavity
Where do the nutrient artery and vein supply to?
Bone marrow, spongy bone and deep compact bone
Name this structure
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
Name this structure
Sensory nerve fibres
Name these structures
Nutrient artery and vein
Name this structure
Lymphatic vessel
Name this structure
Periosteum
Name this structure
Compact bone
Name this structure
Spongy bone
What three things are found at each end of the bone?
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal growth plate
Metaphysis
What is endochondral ossification?
Process in which initial small, hyaline cartilage grows and turns into long bones
What happens when the growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies?
Bone growth ceases
Name this structure
Epiphysis
Name this structure
Epiphyseal growth plate
Name this structure
Metaphysis
Name this structure
Diaphysis
Name this structure
Metaphysis
Name this structure
Epiphyseal growth plate
Name this structure
Epiphysis
What r the 5 classification of bones?
Flat
Long
Irregular
Sesamoid
Shorts
General description of flat bones
Protective
General description of long bones
Tubular
General description of irregular bones
Strange shapes
General description of sesamoid bones
Within some tendons
General description of shorts bones
Cuboidal
What is this classification of bone?
Flat bones
What is this classification of bone?
Long bones
What is this classification of bone?
Irregular bones
What is this classification of bone?
Sesamoid bones
What is this classification of bone?
Shorts bones
What r the two parts that the skeleton is divided into?
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of what 4 things are part of the axial skeleton?
Skull
Spine
Sternum
Ribs
Bones of what 4 things are part of the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
What bones r in the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula
What is the pectoral girdle important for?
Helping to attach the upper limbs to the trunk of the body
What does the pelvic girdle allow?
Attachment of the lower limb to the body trunk
The bones of the skull are separated into two sections by a line from superior to the orbits to inferior to the ears. Name these two sections
Top right neurocranium
Bottom left viscerocranium
What bones are in the viscerocranium?
Bones off the facial skeleton
What bones are in the neurocranium?
Bones of the cranial vault
How many vertebrae in the vertebral column?
33
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
C1-C7
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
T1-T12
How many lumber vertebrae?
5
L1-L5
How many sacral vertebrae?
5
Fused to form 1 sacrum
How many coccygeal vertebrae?
4
Fused to form 1 coccyx
What r the 3 functions of the vertebral column
Support of the head and trunks
Protection of spinal nerves and cord
Allows movement of the head on neck and trunk
How many curvatures in adult vertebral column?
4
What are primary curvatures known as?
Kyphosis
What are the two primary curvatures called in order superior to inferior?
Thoracic kyphosis
Sacral kyphosis
What r secondary curvatures known as?
Lordosis
What are the two secondary curvatures called superior to inferior?
Cervical lordosis
Lumbar lordosis
Name this curvature
Cervical lordosis
Name this curvature
Thoracic kyphosis
Name this curvature
Lumbar lordosis
Name this curvature
Sacral kyphosis
Name this structure on a typical vertebra
Inferior articular process
Name this structure on a typical vertebra
Superior articular process
Name this structure on a typical vertebra
Vertebral arch
Name this structure on a typical vertebra
Vertebral foramen
Name this structure on a typical vertebra
Vertebral body
Name this structure on a typical vertebra
Pedicle
Name this structure on a typical vertebra
Transverse process
Name this structure on a typical vertebra
Lamina
Name this structure on a typical vertebra
Spinous process
Where do all cervical vertebrae have a foramen? Name?
In each transverse process
Transverse Foramen
Name this part of the C2 (axis) vertebra
Bifid spinous process
What are the three atypical cervical vertebrae?
C1 - atlas
C2 - axis
C7
What doesn’t the C1/atlas vertebrae have? 2 things
Body or spinous process
What does the C1/atlas vertebra have instead of body or spinous process?
Poster and anterior arch
Name this part of the C1 atlas vertebra
Anterior arch
Name this part of the C1 atlas vertebra
Posterior arch
What makes the C2 axis cervical vertebra atypical?
Odontoid process
Name this part of the C2 axis vertebra
Odontoid process/dens
What makes the C7 cervical vertebra atypical?
Vertebrae prominens at spinous process
Name this part of the C7 vertebra
Vertebrae prominens
Name this part of the vertebrae
Intervertebral Foramen
Name this part of the vertebrae
Facet joint
Name this part of the vertebrae
Intervertebral joints
What is found in the intervertebral Foramen?
Spinal nerves
Nerves closer to the spinal chord are called what?
Roots
Nerves more distal from the intervertebral Foramen are called what?
Spinal nerve rami (anterior and posterior)
What are facet joints formed between?
Inferior articular facet of the vertebrae above and superior articular facet of the vertebrae below
What type of joint is a facet joint? What does this mean?
Synovial joints
Easily affected by arthritis
What r intervertebral discs?
Joints between bodies of adjacent vertebrae that form strong attachments
What can happen to intervertebral discs, also know as a slipped disc?
Herniate
What makes the vertebral canal?
Vertebral Foramen of each vertebrae when the vertebrae are stacked together make the vertebral canal
What runs through the vertebral canal?
Spinal chord
What part of the brain does the spinal chord attach to?
Medulla
Where does the spinal chord stop in the vertebral column in an adult?
Around vertebral level L2
What happens to the spinal chord at vertebral level L2?
Spinal chord ends
Lots of nerve roots - coda equina
At each vertebral level what happens to the spinal cord?
A pair of spinal nerves arise from the chord and exit via intervertebral foramen
Spinal nerves supply where?
The soma (body wall)
Where is the only place to find a spinal nerve?
Within the intervertebral foramen
From the intervertebral foramina what do spinal nerves connect with? 2 things
Structures of the soma via rami
Spinal chord via roots and rootlets
Name this structure of a vertebra
Intervertebral foramen
Name this nerve
Spinal nerve
What is the type of skeleton that the pectoral girdle is part of?
Appendicular skeleton
What bones are in the pectoral girdle?
2 scapulae
2 clavicles
What r the bones of the pelvic girdle? 2 things
2 hip bones
Sacrum
What type of skeleton is the pelvic girdle part of?
Appendicular skeleton
Name this bone
Humerus
Name these bones
Radius and ulna
Name these bones
Carpal bones
Name this bone
Metacarpals
Name these bones
Phalanges
Name this bone
Femur
Name these bones
Tibia and fibula
Name these bones
Tarsal bones
Name these bones
Metatarsals
Name this bone
Phalanges
What r the three different types of muscle?
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
To make the heart beat
Is cardiac muscle striated?
Yes
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary
Is smooth muscle striated?
No
What is the function of smooth muscle?
Control and narrow the tubes within the organs and arteries
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
Is skeletal muscle striated?
Yes
Function of skeletal muscle
Skeletal movements
What do nerves do in skeletal muscle?
Conduct an action potential which reaches a muscle fibre stimulating contraction
Name this structure of skeletal muscle
Muscle fascicle
Name this structure of skeletal muscle
Muscle fibre
Name this structure of skeletal muscle
Myofibril
Name this structure of skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
Name the 5 structures in skeletal muscle that are within each other, biggest to smallest
Muscle fascicle
Muscle fibres
Myofibril
Myofilaments
Sarcomeres
What causes skeletal muscles to look (striated) striped?
Overlap of actin and myosin
What does it mean if skeletal muscle is torn?
Strain has caused the muscle fibres to tear
How is tearing of the muscle fibres graded?
1 to 3
What is this type of skeletal muscle?
Circular
What is this type of skeletal muscle?
Fusiform
What is this type of skeletal muscle?
Flat with aponeurosis
What is this type of skeletal muscle?
Quadrate
What is this type of skeletal muscle?
Pennate
What shape is fusiform skeletal muscle?
Spindle like
Thicker middle and tapered ends towards tendon
What is aponeurosis?
Specialised flattened tendon
What is the shape of quadrate skeletal muscle?
4 equal sides
What is the structure of pennate skeletal muscle fibres described as being?
Feather like
Why do longer muscles have a greater potential range of movement produced at the joint?
Greater potential range of shortening
What is skeletal muscle attachment?
The point in which skeletal muscle attaches to bone
How many points of attachment does skeletal muscle have?
Usually at least 2 points of attachment
What r the points of attachment of skeletal muscle called? 2
Origin (proximal)
Insertion (distal)
During contraction what do the muscle fibres do?
Shorten
What do tendons do?
Usually attach muscle to bone
Skeletal muscle can only move a joint if what?
They cross the joint and connect to bone on either side of the joint
What do muscles of facial expression attach from and to?
From bone into the skin and soft tissue of the face
Why do the muscles of facial expression connect from bone and insert into skin and soft tissue of the face?
Move skin and soft tissue of the face
- communicate
- protect entrances into the body
All the muscles of facial expression are innervated by which cranial nerve?
CN VII
Facial nerve
Where is skeletal muscle found usually in relation to the skin?
Deep to deep fascia
Where is skeletal muscle found in the face?
Sitting within the superficial fascia layer
What is deep fascia?
Tough fibrous connective tissue sheet that covers the skeletal muscle
Name this structure
Epidermis
Name this structure
Dermis
Name this structure
Superficial fascia
Name this structure
Deep fascia
Name this structure
Skeletal muscle
Why is fascia important in the limbs?
Divides limbs into different muscle compartments
Name this structure
Intermuscular septum
Name this structure
Fibula
Name this structure
Intermuscular septum
Name this structure
Skin
Name this structure
Tibia
Name this structure
Deep fascia
Name this structure
Superficial fascia
All of the muscles that perform protective reflexes are found where?
Proximal/superior part of the respiratory and alimentary tracts
What kind of muscle is the diaphragm? What does it do?
Skeletal muscle
Divides the abdomen from thorax
Respiration
What kind of muscles control micturition and defecation
Skeletal muscle
Is Involuntary smooth muscle superior or inferior to the pelvic floor
Superior
Is voluntary skeletal muscle superior or inferior to the pelvic floor
Inferior
What are the main types of joint? 3 things
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
If a joint is more mobile what happens to stability?
Less stable
Put three main types of joint in order of most stable to least stable
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Put the three main types of joint in order of most mobile to least mobile
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
Describe the general mobility and stability of fibrous joints
Limited in mobility
Stable
What r the 3 types of fibrous joint?
Syndesmoses
Sutures
Gomphosis (dentoalveolar syndesmoses)
What is syndesmoses joint? Where is it found?
Fibrous sheets/membranes that unite bones
Interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula
Where r sutures found?
Between the bones of the skull
What is another name for gomphosis joints?
Dentoalveolar syndesmoses
Where r gomphosis (dentoalevolar syndesmoses) joints found?
Between the root of the tooth and the alveolar bone
In a gomphotic joint with the periodontal ligament
Describe the mobility and stability of cartilaginous joints
Fairly mobile
Relatively stable
More mobile than fibrous joints so less stable
What r the two types of cartilaginous joint?
Primary cartilaginous (synchondroses)
Secondary cartilaginous (symphysis)
Where is primary cartilaginous (synchondroses) joints found?
Long bone epiphyseal plates
What is an example of a secondary cartilaginous (symphysis) joint?
Intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage
What’s wrong with the left femur?
Slipped femoral epiphysis
Femur has slipped inferiorly in relation to growth plate
What r the 6 subtypes of synovial joints?
Plane joint
Hinge
Saddle
Condyloid
Ball and socket
Pivot
What r the three typical features u see at synovial joints?
Ligaments
Synovial fluid
Articular discs / meniscus
What do ligaments do?
Attach bone to bone
At the joint capsule where can ligaments be?
Separate from joint capsule providing support to synovial joint
Thickened area of the joint capsule
Where is synovial fluid found?
In the joint cavity
What produces synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane
2 functions of synovial fluid
Reduce friction
Shock absorber
What are articular discs / meniscus?
Pads of fibrocartilage
2 functions of articular discs / meniscus
Joint support
Shock absorber
R articular disks or meniscus found in every synovial joint?
No
Name this structure
Ligament
Name this structure
Synovial membrane
Name this structure
Articular capsule
Name this structure
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Name this structure
Articular cartilage
