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MEDSCI142 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the non-dominant hemisphere (right hemisphere) concerned with?

A 
non-verbal language (body language)
emotional expression (language)
spatial skills (3D)
conceptual understanding
artistic/musical skills
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2
Q

What is the function of the arcuate fasciculus?

A

They are fibres that connect the Wernicke’s and broca’s areas.

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3
Q

What role do the supplementary visual cortices play in terms of vision?

A

They help to colour and process images.

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4
Q

What do the receptors for the discrminative pathway consist of?

A

Encapsulated receptors

  • Meissner corpsucles: touch
  • Pacinian corpsulcles: pressure
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5
Q

If there was a lesion in the right side of the brain or brainstem, on what sides of the body would discriminative and non-discrimative sensory losses would occur?

A

Both sensory losses would occur on the same side of the body i.e. associative sensory loss

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6
Q

If there was a lesion on the left side of the spinal, which sides of the body would the discrimnatory and nondiscriminatory sensory losses occur?

A

Discriminatory sensory loss would occur on the same side the spinal cord was injured e.g. on the left side

Non-discriminatory loss would occur on the opposite from where the spinal cord was injured e.g. on the right side
This is termed DISSOCIATIVE SENSORY LOSS.

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7
Q

What is central pathway of discriminatory sensation?

A

The Dorsal-column - Medial lemniscal pathway.

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8
Q

Where do the first order neurons stretch from and to in the discriminative pathway?

A

The dorsal root ganglia to the cuneate nucleus (via the posterior column) and passes through the Dorsal Funiculus.

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9
Q

Where does the second order neuron stretch from in the discriminative pathway?

A

The cuneate nuceli to the thalamus (VPm) via the Medial Lemniscus

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10
Q

What is the pathway non-discriminatory sensation takes?

A

The lateral spinothalamic tracr.

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11
Q

Where do the first order neurons stretch from in the nondiscrim pathway?

A

From free nerve endings to the dorsal horn

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12
Q

Where does decussation occur in the nondiscrim pathway?

A

The anterior white commissure

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13
Q

Where do the second order neurons pass via in the nondiscrim pathway?

A

The lateral spinothalamic tract and it joins the medial lemniscus.

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14
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion dealt to the upper motor neuron?

A

Spastic paralysis; increase in reflexes, less precise voluntary movements.

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15
Q

What is the consequence of a lesion dealt to the lower motor neuron?

A

Flaccid paralysis - no reflexes, no movement (wasted muscles) e.g. polio

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16
Q

What does the striatum consist of?

A

The Caudate nucleus + Putamen

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17
Q

What is the cerebellum’s role in executing body movements?

A

i. e. the left half controls muscles on the left side o f the body and vice versa for the right.
- posture & balance
- coordinates movements
- releases GLUTAMATE

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18
Q

What happens when a lesion is dealt to the cerebella cortex?

A
  • uncoordinated movements

- loss of balance

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19
Q

What does basal ganglia system do?

A
  • Initiates movements
  • Control muscle movement
  • Memory + planning of movements
  • Mood + movements
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20
Q

What happens if the basal ganglia system is damaged?

A

Involuntary movements arise

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21
Q

What does the pyramidal system do?

A

Executes precise voluntary movements

22
Q

What causes the onset of PD?

A

The degeneration of the Substantia Nigra pars compacta

23
Q

What parts of the brain are used in Deep Brain Stimulation?

A

1) Globus pallidus

2) Sub-thalamic nucleus

24
Q

What surgical methods utilised in order to ease the symptoms of PD?

A
  • Thalmotomy

- Pallidomy

25
Q

What drug has been used to ease the onset of PD symptoms?

A

L-Dopa (Levadopa); however it is only useful if they have the enzymes that can convert L-Dopa to dopamine and is futile if PD is extensive.

26
Q

What are the novel new treatments for PD?

A

Cell replacement/transplantation of Dopamine producing cells

1) Immature (fetal) neurons
2) G.E. cultured neurons
3) Embryonic stem cells
4) aDULT STEM CELLS

Gene therapy i.e. viral vectors

27
Q

What are association tracts?

A

Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

28
Q

What are commissural tracts?

A

Contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere

29
Q

Give an example of a commissural tract?

A

1) Corpus callosum
2) Anterior commissure
3) Posterior commissure

30
Q

Give an example of a projection tract?

A

Internal capsule

31
Q

What comprises of the lentiform nucleus?

A

The globus pallidus + putamen

32
Q

What consists of the corpus striatum

A

lentiform (G.P + putamen) + caudate nuclei

33
Q

What does basal ganglia do?

A

Helps to regulate initiation and termination of movements and cognitive processes

34
Q

What is the function of the putamen?

A

Precedes/anticipates body movements

35
Q

What is the function of the Globus Pallidus?

A

Helps to regulate the muscle tone required for specific body movements.

36
Q

What is the major pathway of the motor system?

A

The corticospinal tract (pyrimidal)

37
Q

***In the anterior corticospinal tract where does decussation occur?

A

In the anterior white commissure.

38
Q

What role does the medulla oblongata play in stuff?

A
  • contains sensory + motor tracts
  • cardiovascular centres regulates heartbeat
  • medullary rhythmicty centre regulates breathing
  • Inferior olivary nucleus provides instructions that cerebellum uses to adjust muscle activity when learning new activities
39
Q

What does the pons do?

A
  • contains sensory + motor tracts
  • Pneumotaxic and apneutistic area help control breathing
  • Pontine nuclei relay nerve impulses from motor areas of cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
40
Q

What does the midbrain have?

A
  • Superior cooliculi
  • inferior colliculi
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • cerebral penducles
  • Substantia nigra
41
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

cerebellum, ventricle IV, medulla, pons.

42
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

Pons, medulla.

43
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

puts sounds into ideas -> meaning (comprehension)

44
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

A

Puts ideas into speech (response)

45
Q

What does the cerebral peduncles do?

A

It carries information between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord, and between the cortex and the pons.

46
Q

What comprises of the forebrain in the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Third ventricle
47
Q

What does the mamillary body do?

A
  • It is involved in olfactory reflexes

- coordinates responses to smell&raquo_space; introductory action.

48
Q

What does the forebrain consist of in the basal ganglia of the hemispheres?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globuspallidus.

49
Q

What is the parietal association cortex associated with?

A
  • Spatial skills
  • 3D recognition e.g. shapes, faces
  • Concepts
  • Abstract perception
  • Written word
50
Q

What is the temporal association cortex associated with?

A
  • Memory
  • Mood
  • Intelligence
  • Aggression
51
Q

What is the frontal association cortex associated with?

A
  • intelligence
  • personality
  • behaviour
  • mood
  • cognitive function

MEDSCI142 (6 decks)

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