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MEDSCI142 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the other name for sensory neurons?

A

Afferent neurons

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2
Q

What is the other name for motor neurons?

A

Efferent neurons

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3
Q

what is associated with the alarm response?

A
  • contract arrector pili muscles
  • increased secretion from sweat glands
  • increased heart contraction and rate
  • dilation of pupils
  • constriction of blood vessels, esp in the skin
  • dilation of bronchi
  • increased blood pressure+ water retention
  • decreased digestion
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4
Q

what is associated with the relaxation response?

A
  • decreased heart rate and contraction
  • contraction of pupils
  • increased salivation
  • dilation of peripheral blood vessels
  • constriction of bronchi
  • increased digestion
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5
Q

What are the ti aspects of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Parasympathetic division: relaxation, rest, repletion.

- Sympathetic division: exercise, emotion, excitement.

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6
Q

What is the difference between the sensory input in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

A

A: mainly interoceptors (internal sensing)
S: Special senses and somatic senses.

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7
Q

What is the difference between the control of output in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

A

A: involuntary from the limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord.
S: Voluntary from the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

What is the motor neuron pathway for autonomic?

A

two-neuron pathway: pre and post-ganglionic

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9
Q

What is the motor neuron pathway for the somatic?

A

one neuron pathway

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10
Q

What are the neurotransmitters for the autonomic system?

A

Acetylcholine:

  • Pre-ganglionic axons
  • Post-ganglionic parasymapthetic
  • Post-ganglionic sympathetic to sweat glands

Norepinephrine:
-Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres other than to sweat glands.

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11
Q

What are the neurotransmitters for the somatic system?

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

What are A’s effectors?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands.

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13
Q

What are S’ effectors?

A

Skeletal muscle.

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14
Q

What is symptomatic of Raynard disease?

A
  • Excessive sympathetic stimulation following emotional stress or exposure to the cold
  • Chronic vasoconstriction
  • Fingers and toes become ischemic (lack blood) and appear white
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15
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ role in the endocrine system?

A
  • Controls internal organs via autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.
  • Regulates behavioural patterns, circadian rhythms, and sleep/wake cycles.
  • Controls body temperature
  • Regulates eating and drinking behaviour
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16
Q

What do circulating hormones target?

A

Distant target cells

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17
Q

What are paracrine cells?

A

Near-by hormone producing cells

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18
Q

What are autocrine cells?

A

self-hormone regulating cells

19
Q

What is MoA of lipid-soluble hormones? (e.g. steroid hormones and thyroid hormones)

A

1) Lipid soluble hormones diffuse into the cell
2) Activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
3) Newly formed mRNA DIRECTS SYNTHESIS of specific proteins on ribosomes.

20
Q

What is the MoA of water-soluble hormones? (e.g. peptides, catecholamines, proteins)

A

1) Binding to receptor activates G-protein which activates Adenyl Cyclase
2) Activated adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
3) cAMP serves as a 2nd messngers to activate protein kinases
4) Activated protein kinases phosphorylate other enzymes
5) Phosphorylated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce physiological responses

21
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete and what do they act on?

A
  • 9 hormones

These are releasing and inhibiting hormones to control the pituitary gland.

22
Q

How hormones does the pituitary gland secrete and what do they act on?

A
  • 7 hormones

These are used to control endocrine groups.

23
Q

What is the adrenal medulla stimulated by?

A

Acetylcholine form sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons

24
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

25
Q

What are the principle actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

To enhance sympathetic autonomic alarm response

26
Q

What is the adrenal cortex stimulated by?

A
  • Increased K+ and angiotensin II in the blood

- ACTH from the pituitary which is stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus

27
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A
  • Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

- Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

28
Q

what are the principle actions mineralocorticoids?

A

Increases blood Na+ and water and decreases blood K+ leading to increased blood volume and pressure

29
Q

What are the principle actions of glucocorticoids?

A

Resistance reaction to stress dampens inflammation and depresses immune responses

30
Q

Outline the negative feedback of the effects of the pituitary gland

A

1) The hypothalamus secretes CRH.
2) This stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH
3) This stiumlates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.
4) Once the cortisol exceeds a certain level, elevated cortisol inhibits release of ATCH by the anterior pituitary corticotrophs.
5) Elevated cortisol inhibits release of CRH by the hypothalamus neurosecretory cells.

31
Q

What are the 6 resistance reactions of glucocorticoids?

A

1) protein breakdown: this occurs in muscle fibres. amino acids released into the bloodstream may be used for synthesis of new proteins and ATP production.
2) Gluconeogenesis
3) Lipolysis
4) Resistance to stress - increased glucose and ATP combat stresses e.g. exercise, fasting, fright, temperature extremes, high altitude, bleeding, infection, surgery, trauma, and disease.
5) Vasconstriction - blood vessels become more sensitive to hormones&raquo_space; higher bp
6) Anti-inflammatory - inhibits WBCs that participate in inflammatory responses (but this retards tissue repair)
7) Immune depression - high glucorticoid conc. depresses immune responses (used therapeutically for organ transplants i.e. slows graft rejection)

32
Q

What is the difference between eustress and distress?

A

Eustress is acute and is regarded as being helpful and beneficial.
Distress is seen as being associated with undesirable events and is potentially harmful i.e. habitually hostile people will have long term sympathetic activation&raquo_space; constricted caps»> greater risk of cardiac infarction.

33
Q

What are the links between the neuroendocrine and immune systems?

A

neuroendocrine&raquo_space; immune:
autonomic nerves, hormones.

neuroendocrine<immune:
cytokines (immune hormones)

34
Q

List the types of lipid soluble hormones

A

1) Steroid hormones
2) ThyroiD HOrmones (T3 & T4)
3) Nitric oxide (synthesised by NO synthase)

35
Q

Where are transport proteins synthesised?

A

The liver

36
Q

What are the functions of transport proteins?

A

1) They make lipid-soluble hormones temporarily water-soluble
2) They retard passage of small hormone molecules through the filtering mechanism in the kidneys, slowing down the rate of hormone loss in urine
3) They provide a steady reserve of hormone, already present in the bloodstream.

37
Q

Where are the receptors for lipid soluble hormones located?

A

Inside target cells.

38
Q

Where are the receptor for water soluble hormones located?

A

Inside the plasma membrane of the target cells.

39
Q

What kind of receptors do water soluble hormones bind to?

A

Integral transmembrane proteins.

40
Q

What does the responsiveness of a target cell depend on?

A

1) the hormone’s concentration in the blood
2) the abundance of the target cell’s receptors
3) influences exerted by other hormones

41
Q

What are the effects of permissive hormones?

A

Sometimes increases the number of receptors for the other hormone
Sometimes promotes synthesis of an enzyme required for the expression of a hormone’s effects

42
Q

How is hormone regulation secreted?

A

1) Signals from the nervous system
2) Chemical changes in the blood
3) Other hormones

43
Q

How is the pituitary gland attached to the hypothalamus?

A

By the infundibulum

MEDSCI142 (6 decks)

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