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MEDSCI142 > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the reproductive system?

A

1) To produce gametes

2) To produce reproductive hormones

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2
Q

Why is there an hierarchal arrangement of endocrine glands?

A

To enable signal amplification

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3
Q

List the water soluble hormones

A

gonadotrophin releasing hormone
FSH
LH
oxytocin

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4
Q

Where is GnRH secreted from?

A

The hypothalamus

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5
Q

Where is FSH secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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6
Q

Where is LH secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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7
Q

Where is oxytocin secreted from?

A

The posterior pituitary (although it is made in the hypothalamus)

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8
Q

List the lipid soluble hormones.

A

androgens, oestrogens, progestagens.

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9
Q

What are the principle steroid hormones of androgens?

A

testosterone, 5α dihydrotestosterone.

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10
Q

What are the principle steroid hormones of oestrogens?

A

oestriol, oestrone, oestrodiol.

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11
Q

What are the key properties of androgens?

A
  • male sex development
  • spermatogenesis
  • sexual behaviour
  • muscle development (gainz)
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12
Q

What are the key properties of oestrogens?

A
  • female sex development
  • growth of the endometrium
  • regulation of the menstrual cycle
  • bone growth
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13
Q

What is the epithelia lining of the fallopian tube?

A

ciliated and nonciliated secretory columnar cells.

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14
Q

What movements does transport of alone the fallopian tube conssit of?

A

A combination of ciliary and peristaltic contractions.

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15
Q

In order for Mullerian Duct regression to occur, what cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone?

A

The sertoli cells

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16
Q

In order for Wolffian Duct development to occur what cells produce testosterone?

A

the Leydig cells

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17
Q

For Mullerian duct development to occur what hormones are needed?

A

oestrogens and progestagens.

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18
Q

In fetal development, when do the testes descend?

A

After the 7 month.

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19
Q

In females when do the Wolffian ducts regress?

A

About 10 weeks.

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20
Q

What is the sequence of events of puberty in girls?

A

1) Breast development
2) Pubic hair
3) Height spurt
4) Menarche

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21
Q

What is the sequence of events of puberty in boys?

A

1) Testis development
2) Pubic hair
3) Penis development
4) Height spurt

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of oestrogen deprivation (this occurs in perimenopause)

A
  • Vasomotor (changes in the diameter of blood vessels): hot flushes. night sweats.
  • Genitourinary symptoms: atrophic changes, vaginal dryness.
  • Bone metabolism: osteoporosis
  • Behavioural/psychological changes: depression, tension, anxiety, mental confusion, loss of libido.
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23
Q

What are the male gametes called before they undergo mitosis?

A

spermatogonial stem cells

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24
Q

What is the result of mitosis in making a male gamete?

A

1 daughter cell remains undifferentiated to maintain the stem cell population.

The other goes onto divide meiotically

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25
Q

What are the male gametes called after they undergo mitosis?

A

spermatogonia.

26
Q

Where do mitotic divisions occur?

A

In the basal compartment of the semineferous tubules.

27
Q

How many chromosomes do spermatognia have?

A

46

28
Q

When mitotic divisions are complete where do the spermatogonia move to?

A

They move between adjacent sertoli and to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules.

29
Q

What are the cells called when they are in the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Primary spermatocytes.

30
Q

At the end of meiosis I, what are the primary spermatocytes called?

A

secondary spermatocytes

31
Q

What is the final process of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermiogenesis

32
Q

Where do the sperm move after they have been cytodifferentiated?

A

The lumen of the seminiferous tubules

33
Q

What is the condition when the testes do not move to the scrotum?

A

Cryptochidism (individuals are infertile w/ this condition)

34
Q

Outline the movement of the sperm after they’ve matured.

A

lumen of seminiferous tubules&raquo_space; rete testis&raquo_space; epiddiymus&raquo_space; vas deferens

35
Q

What substances do the seminal vesicles secrete?

A

ALKALINE
fructose
prostaglandins
clotting proteins

36
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

slightly ACIDIC
contains citrate for ATP production
phosphate and calcium
PSA (breaks down coagulum)

37
Q

What is the pH of semen?

A

~7.5

38
Q

What is the clinical name for when a prostate gets larger as a man ages?

A

Prostatic hyperplasia

39
Q

What are some of the treatments for prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • 5α-reductase e.g. finisteride and dutasterid
  • surgery
  • prostate removal
40
Q

What are some of the preventative measures for prostate cancer?

A

Prostate specific antigen screenings for when they are elevated.

41
Q

What are the treatments for prostate cancer?

A
  • Watchful treatment
  • Androgen depletion e.g. 5α-reductase inhibitors, castration, inhibitors of androgen synthesis.
  • Inhibition of testosterone action
  • Prostatectomy
42
Q

After the final stage of meiosis, what are the male gametes called?

A

Spermatids

43
Q

What occurs during spermiogenesis?

A 
The spermatids develop into sperm.
They turn into elongated, slender sperm
An acrosome forms 
Mitochondria develop
Sertoli cells phagcytose the excess cytoplasm around the nucleus.
44
Q

What occurs in spermiation?

A

The sperm cells are released from their connection to the sertoli cells.

45
Q

What stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone?

A

LH

46
Q

What suppresses LH?

A
  • Testosterone by the anterior pituitary neurosecretory cells
  • GnRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells
47
Q

How does GnRH work for the reproductive system?

A

It stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase its secretions of LH and FSH.

48
Q

How is 5α-dihydrotestosterone produced?

A

From testosterone with 5α-reductase catalysing.

49
Q

Where is ABP produced?

A

the Sertoli cells

50
Q

How is ABP produced?

A

FSH and testosterone act synergistically on the sertoli cells to stimulate production of ABP.

51
Q

What is the function of ABP?

A

It binds to testerone, keeping it concentration high.

52
Q

What inhibits FSH?

A

Inhibin.

53
Q

What do the sertoli cells secrete?

A

inhibin and ABP

54
Q

Primordial follicle cells are characterised by:

A
  • Flat follicular cells surrounding the primary oocyte
55
Q

The late primary follicle is characterised by:

A
  • Granulosa cells (cuboidal + low columnar cells)
  • zona pellucida
  • theca folliculi
56
Q

The late secondary follicle is characterised by:

A
  • Theca interna: cuboidal cells that secrete oestrogen
  • Theca externa: contains an outer layer of stromal cells + collagen fibres
  • Granulosa cells: secretes follicular fluid which eventually becomes the antrum
  • Zona pellucida + innermost granulosa = corona radiata
57
Q

What is the graafian follicle characerised by:

A

it is connected to a rim of peripheral granulosa cells by a thin stalk.

58
Q

Outline luteinisation.

A

The antrum breaks down.
The basement membrane between the granulosa and the thecal layers break down and blood vessel invade. (Blood clot forms i.e. corpus haemorraghan)
Theca interna and granulosa cells ‘mix’ to form the corpus luteum.

59
Q

Outline the journey of the sperm in the male reproductive tract

A

semineferous tubules&raquo_space; straight ducts&raquo_space; rete testis&raquo_space; efferent ducts&raquo_space;ductus epididymus&raquo_space; vas deferens&raquo_space; ampulla&raquo_space; spermatic cord&raquo_space;ejaculatory duct&raquo_space; urethra

60
Q

Outline the process of an erection

A

sexual stimulation > parasymapthetic fibres from sacral portion of the spinal cord release NO and prostaglandin E1» NO causes smooth muscle in walls of arterioles supplying blood widen e.g. the corpus cavernosa&raquo_space; the engorgement of the copora reduces venous outflow adding to engorgement.

MEDSCI142 (6 decks)

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