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MEDSCI142 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A membrane that surrounds and protects the blood.

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2
Q

What are the two components of the pericardium?

A

1) The fibrous Pericardium

2) The serous pericardium

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3
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium composed of?

A

Made out of tough, elastic dense irregular connective tissue.

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4
Q

Where is the fibrous pericardium placed?

A

It’s attached to the diaphragm - open end is fused to connective tissue of the blood vessel entering and leaving the heart.

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5
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

1) Prevents it from over-stretching
2) Protection
3) Anchors the heart in the mediastinum

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the serous pericardium.

A
  • More delicate and thinner membrane that surrounds the heart.

1) The outer layer= parietal layer
2) The inner layer = visceral/epicardium layer

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7
Q

Between the parietal and visceral layer of the serous pericardium, what does it secrete?

A

Pericardial fluid. This reduces friction between the two layers.

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8
Q

What is the space between the parietal and visceral layer called?

A

Pericardial cavity.

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9
Q

What do sulci generalyl contain?

A

Fat and coronary blood vessels

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10
Q

What boundaries does the coronary sulcus mark?

A

External boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricle.

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11
Q

What boundaries does the anterior interventricular sulcus mark?

A

Boundary between the right and left ventricles on the anterior side.

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12
Q

What boundaries does the posterior interventricular sulcus mark?

A

boundary between the right and left ventricles on the posterior side.

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13
Q

What three veins does the atria receive blood from?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior cava, coronary sinus.

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14
Q

Why is the anterior wall of the right atria rough?

A

Due to the pectinate muscles.

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15
Q

What is between the left and right atrium?

A

The interatrial septum.

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16
Q

What is a particular feature of the interatrial septum?

A

The FOSSA OVALIS - the remnant of the formane ovale, an opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart that normally closes soon after birth.

17
Q

What is the valve of the right ventricle called?

A

The triscupid valve.

18
Q

What muscles are present in the right ventricle?

A

The trabeculae carnae.

19
Q

How are the triscupid valves conencted to the heart wall?

A

Via the chordinae tendineae to the pupillary muscles.

20
Q

What are the ventricles separated by?

A

The interventricular septum.

21
Q

Describe the structure of the left atria?

A

posterior and anterior walls are smooth.

the pectinate muscles lie in the auricle.

22
Q

What valve does the blood flow from the left atria to the left ventricle?

A

The mitral/biscupid valve.

23
Q

Describe the characteristics of the left atrial muscle?

A

Has both pectinate and trabeculae carneae.

24
Q

Discuss the blood flow from the left ventricle

A
  • Some blood flows through the coronary arteries

- The remaining blood through the descending aorta and the arch.

25
Q

Of the ventricle, what is a feature of the heart that is remnant of the fetal heart?

A

The ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta.
This leaves the remnant, ligementum arteriosum.

26
Q

Outline the operation of the atrioventricular valves when they are open.

A

[PARACHUTES]

1) The rounded ends of cusps project onto ventricle.
2) Ventricle and papillary muscles are relaxed and the chordae tendineae slack.
3) Blood moves from high pressure in atria to low pressure in ventricle.

27
Q

Outline the operation of the atrioventricular valves when they are closing.

A

[PARACHUTE]

1) The ventricles contract, the pressure of the blood drives the cusps upwards. Their edges meet and close the opening.
2) The papillary muscles contract which tightens the chordae tendineae.

28
Q

Outline the operation of semi-lunar valves.

A

They are made of 3 crescent moon haped cusps.
Open: When the pressure in the ventricles is greater than in the arteries.

Closed: Back flowing blood fills the valve cusps and they close.

29
Q

Outline the landmarks of the conduction system in “chronological” order

A

1) Sinoatrial node
2) Atrioventricular node
3) Bundle of His
4) Right and left bundle branches.
5) Purkinje fibres

30
Q

Describe the conduction system in regards to the sinoatrial node.

A
  • Located in the right atrium
  • Spontaneously depolarises triggering action potential which are carried by GAP JUNCTIONS in the INTERCALATED DISCS of the muscle fibres.
  • Causes atria to contract (atrial systole)
31
Q

Describe the conduction system when the excitation reaches the atrioventricular node.

A
  • Reaches it ~ 0.03 secs.
  • Located in the interatrial septum.
  • Conduction slows here as there are fewer fibres and less gap junctions.
  • **This gives a 0.1 sec DELAY enough time for the atria to contract to fill the ventricles before they contract.
32
Q

Why is the bundle of His important?

A

This is the only site where action potentials can conduct between ventricles and atria.

33
Q

Describe the action potentials when they reach the left/right bundle branches.

A
  • They extend through the interventricular septum towards the apex of the heart.
  • Purkinje fibres then rapidly conduct the action potential upward causing the ventricle to contract.
34
Q

Where are elastic arteries most common?

A

As very large arteries near the heart. They have elastic walls.

35
Q

Outline the actions of the elastic artery during systole.

A

They expand to store the bolus of blood leaving the ventricle.

36
Q

Outline the actions of the elastic artery during diastole.

A

They push the blood along by elastic recoil.

i.e. they smooth the pulsatile flow of blood leaving the ventricles.

37
Q

Describe the structure of elastic arteries.

A

They have many thin sheets of elastin in the middle tunic.

38
Q

Describe the structure of the muscular artery.

A

Has many layers of smooth muscle wrapped around the vessel in the middle tunic.

39
Q

What is the function of the muscular artery?

A

1) Distributes blood around the body at high pressure.
2) Its smooth muscle adjusts the rate of blood flow which varies the diameter of the vessel
e. g. the flow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius.

MEDSCI142 (6 decks)

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