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MEDSCI142 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is external respiration?

A

When oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into blood within the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide is absorbed (air-blood)

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2
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid and cells which surround them.

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3
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Describes the bulk movements of air into and out of the lungs. The ventilatory pump comprises the rib cage with its associated muscles, and the diaphragm.

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4
Q

What is the conducting part of the respiratory system?

A 
Nasal cavities
Pharynx//larynx
Trachea
Bronchi//bronchioles
[CONDITIONING]
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5
Q

What is the respiratory part of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts & sacs
Alveoli

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6
Q

What is the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, PHARYNX

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7
Q

What is the lower respiratory system?

A

LARYNX, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

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8
Q

In the nasal cavity, what does the lateral surface carry?

A

Conchae - made up of turbunate bones. Conchae increases the surface area of the mucuous membrane.

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9
Q

What is the function of the [paranasal] sinuses?

A

They lighten the face and add resonance to the voice.

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10
Q

What does the roof of the nasal cavity contain?

A

Olfactory epithelium. axons of olfactory receptor cells lead towards the brain through perforations in the overlying bone, the CRIBRIFORM plate.

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11
Q

What system(s) does the pharynx belong to?

A

The GI and respiratory system.

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12
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

NOLO.

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13
Q

What is the role of the conducting system?

A

Conditioning.

1) Warming air (by the blood vessels)
2) Filtering (mucus and cilia)
3) humidification (Adding water from glands)

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14
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia.

Cilia transport mucus up to the nasopharynx.

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15
Q

What does the wall of a bronchus contain?

A 
Goblet cells
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia
Smooth muscle
Mucus glands
Cartilage
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16
Q

What does the wall of a bronchiole contain?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelia
Club cells
More smooth muscle (compared to the bronchus)

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17
Q

Why do surfactant cells secrete surfactant?

A

It keeps alveoli open by:

  • reducing surface tension
  • prevents alveoli collapsing during expiration
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18
Q

What cells are in the alveolar wall?

A

Alveolar macrophages, squamous pneumocytes, endothelial cells, RBCs, surfactant cells.

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19
Q

List the diffusion barrier

A

1) Alveolar air space
2) Squamous pneumocyte
3) basement membrane sq. pn.
4) basement membrance capillary end.
5) Capillary endothelium
6) blood plasma
7) RBC

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20
Q

What do club cells secrete?

A

They secrete a watery mucus which has antimicrobial properties and it stops the bronchiole tubes from sticking to each other.

21
Q

Explain v= (Pb-Pa)/R

A

Alveolar pressure must be less than barometric pressure in order for air to enter.
Therefore, that difference is directly proportional to the rate of the volume of air entering the lungs.

22
Q

What must occur in order for air to flow into the lungs?

A

The diaphgram must descend and the thoracic cavity expands e.g. boyle’s law.

23
Q

Explain Fcw = -FL

A
  • The lungs are highly elastic and have a tendency to collapse to zero volume and this separates the visceral and parietal pleura -> reducing intrapleural pressure below atmospheric. This is due to elastic coil of stretched elastic fibres and surface tension.
  • The rib cage experiences a force which causes it to spring forward, increasing its volume. This arises from stretched tissues in the sterno-costal and costovertebral joints.
  • but lungs are connected to each other due to intrapleural fluid and the collapsing lungs and the expanding ribcage counteracts each other -> leaving it in an equilibrium position
24
Q

During inspiration, what is the max. intrapleural pressure?

A

Goes from -3 to ~-6 (intrapleural pressure is always subatmospheric)

25
Q

During expiration what are the starting and finishing values of the intrapleural pressure?

A

~-6 to -3.

26
Q

What is the max. rate of airflow during inspiration and expiration?

A

-0.5 L/s

27
Q

Explain compliance= V/P

A

Volume is directly proportional to volume and inversely proportional to pressure. Thus, if a small change of pressure brings about a large change of volume, then compliance is high.
Compliance is a measure of the distensibility of teh lungs and he chest wall.

28
Q

What is the volume of dead space in an adult?

A

About 1/3 of the total volume ~500mL.

At rest, Vt = 1//3 alveolar air (exhaust) + 2/3 fresh air

29
Q

Explain Fick’s law in regards to diffusion of gases.

A

Vgas α (PAgas - PcGas) x area of membrane/ d-1 x √M

30
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

When there is water on the lung and is characterised by increased diffusion distance, thus, diminished gaseous exchange.

31
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

C = σP where C is concentration, σ is solubility and P is pressure. Conc. is directly proprtional with its partial pressure. The partial pressure of a dissolved gas is that externally applied pressure require to prevent it from coming out of solution.

(P is physical property of the gas and σ is a physio-chemical property of the solution)

32
Q

In what proportions is CO2 transported in the bood?

A

≈ 9 % as CO2 in simple soln.
≈ 13% as HbCO2
as H2CO3
78% as HCO3-

33
Q

What is the alveolar pressure of CO2 at rest?

A

40 mmHg

34
Q

What is the alveolar pressure of O2 at rest?

A

100 mmHg

35
Q

Explain the equation VA = fR x (vT - vD)

A

fR is the frequency of breathing.
vT is the tidal volume and vD is the dead-space volume. The alveolar volume is merely the difference between the tidal volume and the deadspace volume. The rate at which the alveolar volume is ventilated is proportional to the alveolar volume and the frequency of breathing.

36
Q

In order for pneumothorax to occur, what membranes/tissues would need to be ‘pierced’?

A

Injuries through the thoracic wall or the alveoli causes air to enter the intrapleural space.

37
Q

What is the volume of the intrapleural space in the lung model?

A

0 - atmospheric

38
Q

What is the volume of the intrapleural space in a real lung?

A

subatmospheric

39
Q

What are the contents of the intrapleural space?

A

air - expandible

40
Q

What are the contents of the real lung in the intrapleural space?

A

serous fluid

41
Q

What is the estimated volume of the intrapleural space in the model lungs?

A

1 L

42
Q

What is the estimated volume of the intrapleural space in the real lung?

A

1-2 mL

43
Q

What are the peak flow metres meant to measure?

A

The peak expiratory flow rate.

44
Q

What are the units used to measure the peak expiratory flow rate?

A

Lminute

45
Q

What are 3 possible factors that contributes to the differences in peakflow rate?

A

gender, any respiratory conditions, height.

46
Q

What does the dry spirometer/vitalograph measure?

A

Lung volumes e.g. Vital capacity

FEV in 1 second

47
Q

What is being measured specifically about the vital capacity using the dry spirometer?

A

The maximum volume of air that a subject exhale after maximal inspiration.

48
Q

What is the normal proportion of the forced vital capcity exhaled in the first second?

A

75-80%

49
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume + the tidal volume + expiratory

MEDSCI142 (6 decks)

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