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PAS 600 - Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

somesthetic receptor / somatosensory

A

a sensory end organ concerned with reception of stimuli producing one of the generalized sensations (such as temperature, pressure, position, or movement)

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2
Q

sensory information goes to _____ horn

A

posterior / dorsal

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3
Q

motor signal leaves from _____ horn

A

anterior / ventral

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4
Q

the journey of sensory information to brain

A

sensory information travels from receptors → sensory neurons (1st order neuron - from receptor to dorsal horn) → spinal cord or brainstem (2nd order neuron - to contralateral thalamus) → thalamus (3rd order neuron - from thalamus to sensory cortex) → sensory cortex

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5
Q

sensation

A

signals transmitted by receptors to brain in form of light, sound, tactile, thermal, pain, etc

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6
Q

perception

A

how sensory information is organized, interpreted and consciously experienced

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7
Q

unconscious processing (sensation) occurs at ____ level

A

subcortical

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8
Q

perception (conscious) occurs at the _____ level

A

cortical

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9
Q

meissner’s corpuscles

A

mechanoreceptors present in highly sensitive areas like fingertips, palms, soles, tongues, lips, and genital skin

  • small receptive fields to allow two-point discrimination
  • respond to low frequency stimuli (flutter)
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10
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A
  • rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors for pressure and vibration
  • get used to the sense and stop sending signals to perceive (ex - clothes on skin)
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11
Q

hair follicle receptors

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that respond to movement across surface of skin

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12
Q

merkel’s disks

A

slow adapting mechanoreceptors that respond to pressure and touch

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13
Q

ruffini’s corpuscles

A

slow adapting mechanoreceptors that respond to stretch found in dermis and joints

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14
Q

thermal receptors

A

free nerve endings that respond to temperature changes; divided in cold and warm slow adapting receptors (specific ones for each temp category)

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15
Q

nociceptors

A
  • free nerve endings found in skin, muscle, joints, periosteum and visceral organs capsules
  • respond to noxious chemicals, mechanical stimuli (stretch) and temperature
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16
Q

Muscle Spindles (in muscles) & Golgi Tendon (in tendons)

A

proprioception (awareness of your body and its position in space) and coordination of motor activity

17
Q

Sensory Receptive Fields

A

region of skin that elicits a response in a somatic sensory neuron; vary in diameter (1-2 mm on fingertips [high precision], 5-10 mm on palms, larger in abd and back [lower precision] and may overlap)

18
Q

Transduction of Sensory Signals

A
  • stimuli will generate a graded potential in receptors that if strong enough (summation to threshold) will elicit an AP in a sensory neuron axon
  • APs travel to thalamus that will send each sensation modality to specific area of sensory cortex
  • cortex has the task of assembling all the information - modality (what), magnitude (how strong), duration (when), location (where) and deciding if it is important (nociceptors get priority!)
19
Q

ascending (afferent) tracts - anterior column

A

ventral spinothalamic tract (pressure and crude touch)

20
Q

ascending (afferent) tracts - lateral column

A

lateral spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature); ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts

21
Q

ascending (afferent) tracts - posterior column

A

fasciculus cuneatus and gracillis (vibration, proprioception, two-point discrimination/fine touch)

22
Q

descending (efferent) tracts - anterior column

A

ventral corticospinal (pyramidal) tract (voluntary movements, reflexes)

23
Q

descending (efferent) tracts - lateral column

A

lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) tract (voluntary movements, reflexes)

24
Q

thalamus

A
  • integration and relay of motor and sensory functions except olfactory
  • awareness of nociceptive stimuli (non-discriminative form)
  • controls subjective response to sensation
  • activation and arousal with reticular formation
  • modification of affective component of behavior with limbic system
  • — limbic system: includes hippocampus, amygdala -> emotion, behavior and long term memory
25
Q

reticular formation

A

functions:

  • conscious awareness and behavioral responses to stimuli
  • maintains wakefulness
  • muscle tone and posture
  • respiratory centers (rhythm, depth, pattern)
  • blood pressure and cardiac output
  • blood distribution to organs
26
Q

wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of written and spoken language

27
Q

broca’s area

A

production of language

28
Q

Somatic Sensory Cortex / Postcentral Gyrus

A

receives information from thalamus (skin sensation, proprioception, stereognosis [perception of depth or 3D]); integrates information with visual and auditory signals

29
Q

Sensory Association Area

A

complex sensory information processing (spatial relationships, body image, two-point discrimination, graphesthesia [ability to recognize symbols when they’re traced on skin])

30
Q

pain fibers

A
  • group A fibers = transmit sharp, shooting intense pain

- group C fibers = transmit steady, slow, constant pain

31
Q

pain

A
  • free nerve endings detect damage to tissues (ischemia - low blood flow, mechanical - pressure or stretch, thermal damage, muscle spasm)
  • visceral pain is produced by distension, spasm, contraction, torsion, ischemia, chemical irritation or inflammation of viscera
  • has associated autonomic manifestations and is often referred to parts of body that share a spinal segment with injured viscus (internal organ)
32
Q

ascending pain pathways

A
  • spino-thalamic-somatosensory cortex = mediates sensation of pain
  • spino-thalamic-frontal cortex/anterior cingulate gyrus = subjective psychological and physiological effects of pain
33
Q

descending pain pathways

A
  • modulation by fibers from periaqueductal grey matter, nucleus raphe and reticular formation to doral horn (descend in dorsolateral funiculus)
  • neurotransmitters = adrenaline, GABA, serotonin, endorphins (opoids)

PAS 600 - Anatomy (13 decks)

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