Nervous System

Question 1

Neuron

Answer 1

Individual cell in the nervous system. Sends and receives messages with electrochemical signals.

Question 2

Nervous system

Answer 2

Allows your body parts to communicate with each other, messenger system.

Question 3

Central Nervous system

Answer 3

Brain and Spinal cord, encased in bone. Main control center.

Question 4

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 4

Nerves that go throughout the body. Connect the rest of the body to the CNS.

Question 5

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

(involuntary) Communicates with internal automatic organs and glands. Sympathetic division (arousing) and Parasympathetic division (calming)

Question 6

Somatic nervous system

Answer 6

Communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscle. Sensory system (sensory input) Motor nervous system (motor output)

Question 7

Reflex Arc

Answer 7

Signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord, which processes the information, not sent to the brain.

Question 8

Dendrite

Answer 8

Receive messages form other cells. Bushy, branch like structures.

Question 9

Soma

Answer 9

Center of cell body, holds nutrients.

Question 10

Cell body

Answer 10

The neurons life support center

Question 11

Axon

Answer 11

passes messages from cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands.

Question 12

Neural impulse

Answer 12

electrical signal traveling down the axon.

Question 13

Myelin Sheath

Answer 13

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses. Protects, insolates and provides nutrients to the neuron.

Question 14

Terminal branches of axon

Answer 14

Form junctions with other cells. End of neuron.

Question 15

Glial Cells

Answer 15

Grow around and provide physical support for neurons. Supply nutrients to neurons, clean up dead neurons, provide insulation. 90% of the brain is Glial cells.

Question 16

Sensory neurons “afferent neurons”

Answer 16

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Question 17

motor neurons “efferent neurons”

Answer 17

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

Question 18

interneurons

Answer 18

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between them.

Question 19

S.A.M.E

Answer 19

sensory-afferent=motor-efferent

Question 20

rating potential

Answer 20

the state of the inactive neuron when not firing a neural impulse

Question 21

action potential “firing”

Answer 21

when sufficiently stimulated

Question 22

threshhold

Answer 22

if stimulation is not strong enough neuron will not fire

Question 23

refractory period

Answer 23

period of time during which a cell is incapable of repeating an action potential. occurs after action potential and usually last’s one millisecond.

Question 24

reuptake

Answer 24

neurotransmitters are released back into the synapse and the originating neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters.

Question 25

synapse "contact point"

Answer 25

meeting point between neurons, never touch

Question 26

synaptic gap

Answer 26

gap between contact point, less than a millionth of an inch wide

Question 27

receptor sites

Answer 27

receive signals

Question 28

all or none principle

Answer 28

when a neuron fires it is at full strength or not at all, strength of action potential is constant.

Question 29

neurons fire like DAT

Answer 29

Dendrites-axon-terminal

Question 30

Neurotransmitters

Answer 30

chemicals in the brain that carry messages from one neuron to another

Question 31

excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 31

excite connecting neurons and causes them to fire

Question 32

inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 32

inhibit the next neurons to fire

Question 33

acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 33

Motor, memory, attention. excitatory element present in both the PNS and CNS connected to motor movement.

Question 34

acetylcholine surplus

Answer 34

associated with severe muscle spasms

Question 35

acetylcholine deficit

Answer 35

too little in the hippocampus has been associated with dementia and Alzheimers.

Question 36

seratonin

Answer 36

connected to mood regulation, emotion, hunger, wakefulness, and sexual desire. Inhibitory SSRI(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

Question 37

serotonin surplus

Answer 37

too much serotonin is associated with hallucinations

Question 38

serotonin deficit

Answer 38

Associated with OCD depression and mood disorders

Question 39

dopamine

Answer 39

inhibitory "Pleasure chemical." Released into the pleasure centers of the brain. Associated with reward and motivation

Question 40

dopamine surplus

Answer 40

too much dopamine has been associated with schizophrenia (too many dopamine receptors) and addiction.

Question 41

dopamine deficit

Answer 41

Associated with depression and muscular rigidity or tremors in parkinsons

Question 42

norepinephrine

Answer 42

excitatory "fight or flight" chemical. Associated with response with danger, increases alertness and arousal, mood elevation. Lowest during sleep and highest during times of stress

Question 43

norepinephrine surplus

Answer 43

associated with anxiety disorders

Question 44

norepinephrine deficit

Answer 44

associated with depression and mental dissorders

Question 45

GABA

Answer 45

inhibitory "calming" transmitter. Slows things down, calming central nervous center, regulates sleep-wake cycles. Increases sleepiness and decreases anxiety, alertness, memory and muscle tension.

Question 46

GABA surplus

Answer 46

Overly relaxed and sedated, often to the point that normal reactions are impaired. sleep/eating disorders

Question 47

GABA deficit

Answer 47

associated with anxiety disorders, seizures, tremors, and insomnia

Question 48

Glutamate

Answer 48

excitatory "memory" neuro transmitter. Major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved with most normal operations of the brain including thinking, long term memory, and learning.

Question 49

glutamate surplus

Answer 49

overstimulates the brain producing migraines or epileptic seizures

Question 50

glutamate deficit

Answer 50

too little deficit can result in difficulty concentrating or mental exhaustion

Question 51

endorphins

Answer 51

inhibitory "euphoria" transmitter. Relieves pain and stress, "natural aspirin".

Question 52

endorphin surplus

Answer 52

too much leaves to not give adequate warning about pain. Artificial highs.

Question 53

endorphin deficit

Answer 53

produces too much pain.

Question 54

D.A.N.S E.G.G

Answer 54

``` Dopamine Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Serotonin Endorphins Glutamine GABA ```

Question 55

Drugs and other Chemicals

Answer 55

Affect brain at the synaptic level, either amplifying or blocking a neurotransmitter's activity.

Question 56

Agonist

Answer 56

mimic effect or block neurotransmitter reuptake (exites)

Question 57

Antagonist

Answer 57

blocks a neurotransmitter's functioning (inhibits)