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AP Psych > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

Individual cell in the nervous system. Sends and receives messages with electrochemical signals.

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2
Q

Nervous system

A

Allows your body parts to communicate with each other, messenger system.

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3
Q

Central Nervous system

A

Brain and Spinal cord, encased in bone. Main control center.

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves that go throughout the body. Connect the rest of the body to the CNS.

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

(involuntary) Communicates with internal automatic organs and glands. Sympathetic division (arousing) and Parasympathetic division (calming)

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6
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscle. Sensory system (sensory input) Motor nervous system (motor output)

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7
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord, which processes the information, not sent to the brain.

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8
Q

Dendrite

A

Receive messages form other cells. Bushy, branch like structures.

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9
Q

Soma

A

Center of cell body, holds nutrients.

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10
Q

Cell body

A

The neurons life support center

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11
Q

Axon

A

passes messages from cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands.

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12
Q

Neural impulse

A

electrical signal traveling down the axon.

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13
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses. Protects, insolates and provides nutrients to the neuron.

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14
Q

Terminal branches of axon

A

Form junctions with other cells. End of neuron.

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15
Q

Glial Cells

A

Grow around and provide physical support for neurons. Supply nutrients to neurons, clean up dead neurons, provide insulation. 90% of the brain is Glial cells.

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16
Q

Sensory neurons “afferent neurons”

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

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17
Q

motor neurons “efferent neurons”

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

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18
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between them.

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19
Q

S.A.M.E

A

sensory-afferent=motor-efferent

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20
Q

rating potential

A

the state of the inactive neuron when not firing a neural impulse

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21
Q

action potential “firing”

A

when sufficiently stimulated

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22
Q

threshhold

A

if stimulation is not strong enough neuron will not fire

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23
Q

refractory period

A

period of time during which a cell is incapable of repeating an action potential. occurs after action potential and usually last’s one millisecond.

24
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitters are released back into the synapse and the originating neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters.

25
Q

synapse “contact point”

A

meeting point between neurons, never touch

26
Q

synaptic gap

A

gap between contact point, less than a millionth of an inch wide

27
Q

receptor sites

A

receive signals

28
Q

all or none principle

A

when a neuron fires it is at full strength or not at all, strength of action potential is constant.

29
Q

neurons fire like DAT

A

Dendrites-axon-terminal

30
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals in the brain that carry messages from one neuron to another

31
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

excite connecting neurons and causes them to fire

32
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

inhibit the next neurons to fire

33
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Motor, memory, attention. excitatory element present in both the PNS and CNS connected to motor movement.

34
Q

acetylcholine surplus

A

associated with severe muscle spasms

35
Q

acetylcholine deficit

A

too little in the hippocampus has been associated with dementia and Alzheimers.

36
Q

seratonin

A

connected to mood regulation, emotion, hunger, wakefulness, and sexual desire.

Inhibitory

SSRI(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

37
Q

serotonin surplus

A

too much serotonin is associated with hallucinations

38
Q

serotonin deficit

A

Associated with OCD depression and mood disorders

39
Q

dopamine

A

inhibitory “Pleasure chemical.” Released into the pleasure centers of the brain. Associated with reward and motivation

40
Q

dopamine surplus

A

too much dopamine has been associated with schizophrenia (too many dopamine receptors) and addiction.

41
Q

dopamine deficit

A

Associated with depression and muscular rigidity or tremors in parkinsons

42
Q

norepinephrine

A

excitatory “fight or flight” chemical. Associated with response with danger, increases alertness and arousal, mood elevation. Lowest during sleep and highest during times of stress

43
Q

norepinephrine surplus

A

associated with anxiety disorders

44
Q

norepinephrine deficit

A

associated with depression and mental dissorders

45
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory “calming” transmitter. Slows things down, calming central nervous center, regulates sleep-wake cycles. Increases sleepiness and decreases anxiety, alertness, memory and muscle tension.

46
Q

GABA surplus

A

Overly relaxed and sedated, often to the point that normal reactions are impaired. sleep/eating disorders

47
Q

GABA deficit

A

associated with anxiety disorders, seizures, tremors, and insomnia

48
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory “memory” neuro transmitter. Major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved with most normal operations of the brain including thinking, long term memory, and learning.

49
Q

glutamate surplus

A

overstimulates the brain producing migraines or epileptic seizures

50
Q

glutamate deficit

A

too little deficit can result in difficulty concentrating or mental exhaustion

51
Q

endorphins

A

inhibitory “euphoria” transmitter. Relieves pain and stress, “natural aspirin”.

52
Q

endorphin surplus

A

too much leaves to not give adequate warning about pain. Artificial highs.

53
Q

endorphin deficit

A

produces too much pain.

54
Q

D.A.N.S E.G.G

A 
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Endorphins
Glutamine
GABA
55
Q

Drugs and other Chemicals

A

Affect brain at the synaptic level, either amplifying or blocking a neurotransmitter’s activity.

56
Q

Agonist

A

mimic effect or block neurotransmitter reuptake (exites)

57
Q

Antagonist

A

blocks a neurotransmitter’s functioning (inhibits)

AP Psych (8 decks)

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