Nervous Flashcards
What are the two components of the CNS?
brain
spinal cord
What are the components of the PNS?
All nervous tissue outside of the CNS
Which neuron is the most common?
Multipolar
What type of neuron is at the Dorsal Root Ganglion?
Pseudounipolar
Which ways do afferent and efferent neurons travel?
Afferent- carry impulses to the CNS
Efferent- carry impulses away from the CNS
Matching.
Afferent
Efferent
Motor Neurons
Sensory Neurons
Afferent- Sensory Neurons
Efferent- Motor Neurons
What is the Perikaryon?
Cytoplasm; surrounds the nucleus
What is the function of Nissl Bodies?
Protein Synthesis
What is the fx. of Cytoskeleton?
Neurofilaments
What is the fx. of Microtubules?
Intracellular transport
Cellular/Axonal Transport
What is Lipofuscin?
Residual bodies from Lysosomal Digestion
What is the Axon Hillock?
short segment leaving the Perikaryon
Where is the Initial site of microtubule bundling?
Axon Hillock
What is another name of Collateral Branches?
Axon Branches
Kinesin uses which type of Axonal Transport?
Anterograde
Travels from Perikaryon to Synapses
Dyenin uses which type of Axonal Transport?
Retrograde
Travels from Synapses to Perikaryon
Which Axonal Transport pathway is considered the Salvage Pathway?
Retrograde
Do Dendrites have Golgi App.?
No
Where is the Node of Ranvier?
Between myelinated cells? they are unmyelinated themselves.
What is the fx. of Astrocytes?
- Repair nerve tissue/maintain nutrients
- blood brain barrier
- structural support
What is the fx. of Microglia?
Resident macrophages’ Phagocytic Fx.
What is the fx. of Ependymal?
Ciliated cells that line the CSF and make CSF
What is the fx. of Oligodendrocyte?
Makes the myelin sheath; similar to Schwann Cells
Give 4 facts about Electrical Synapse?
- Smaller than chemical synapse
- Conduct faster
- Bidirectional
- Na/K causes changes
Give 4 facts about Chemical Synapse?
- Uses Neurotransmitters
- Slower than electrical synapses
- Activate muscular/glandular tissue
- Ca causes changes
Which neuron has axons on both sides?
Pseudounipolar
Which neuron sends signals in one direction?
Multipolar
Which neuron is centrally located in the cell body?
Bipolar
Which neuron has many dendrites?
Multipolar
What point along the Neuron where an AP can occur?
Nodes of Ranvier
Where is the white and gray matter found in Cerebellum?
White- Inside
Gray- Outside
What is GM composed of in the Cerebellum?
Nerve Fibers
Cell Bodies
List the (3) layers of GM in the Cerebellum
- Molecular Layer
- Purkinje Cell Layer
- Inner Granular Layer
What is in the ML or GM of Cerebellum?
Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers
What is in the GL or GM of Cerebellum?
Large flask-shaped cells; Purkinje Cells whose dendrites penetrate ML
What is in the ML or GM of Cerebellum?
Packed with small multipolar neurons
Where is GM and WM found in the Spinal Cord?
GM- Inside
WM- Outside
Describe Dura Mater
- Dense CT
- Connected to Periosteum
- Well vascularized
- Outer layer of Menenges
Describe Arachnoid
- Spidery-like appendages connecting inner/outer layer
- Lined with ependymal cells
- Trabeculae filled with CSF
Describe Pia Mater
- Thin inner layer
- Mostly collagen fibers
- Squamos cells
- BV
- maintains BBB
What is the fx of Nerve Endings?
Convert
- Physical or Chemical Stimuli -> Electrical Energy
How are nerve endings classified?
Afferent vs. Efferent
Cause of Stim.
Morphology
(P.Corpuscles, M. Corpuscles, Free Endings, Muscle Spindles, Golgi Tendon Organ)
Where is a Fibrous Astrocyte found?
White Matter
Where is a Protoplasmic Astrocyte found?
Gray Matter
Name and tell what is in the 3 layers of Meninges?
- Dura Mater -> well vascularized
- Arachnoid Space -> CSF
- Pia Mater -> collagen
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Sensory or Motor Neuron?
Afferent or Efferent?
- Sensory Neuron
- Afferent
What is the difference between the Schwann Cell & Oligodendrocyte?
Both myelinate; but SC -> PNS O -> CNS
Which Division of the Nervous System is formed from Neural Tube?
CNS
Which division of the Nervous System is formed from Neural Crest Cells?
PNS
Retina, cochlear, olfactory are all found in which Neuron type?
(THINK YOU HAVE TWO EARS, EYES, NOSTRILS= 2 DENDRITIC PROCESSES)
Bipolar
Dorsal Root Ganglia is which type of Neuron?
Pseudounipolar
Interneurons consist mostly of ______ (type of neuron).
Multipolar
Where is the Axon Hillock and what is its fx?
Short segment from Axon
Initial site of Microtubule bundling
Where is the initial stimulus integrated signal down axon?
Initial segment
Calcium Channels carry NT down which Axonal Transport?
Anterograde Transport
Which Axonal Transport mechanism transports cytoskeletal components?
Retrograde Transport
What are the two layers of Cerebrum Cortex?
Superficial
Pyramidal
What is the fx. of the Cerebrum Cortex?
higher thought process
coordination of movement
Fx. of Amygdala
Memory & Emotional Behavior
Fx. of Hippocampus
Transfers memories from short term -> long term
Fx. of Basal Ganglia
Controls/Synchronizes movements
Fx. of Medulla
Regulates HR, breathing, digestion
Fx. of Midbrain
Hearing & Sight reflexes
Fx. of Pons
REM Sleep
Fx. of Cerebellum
Movement, reflexes;
sense of balance
What are the three layers of the Cerebellum and what are they composed of?
Molecular Layer -> unmyelinated nerve fibers
Purkinje Cell Layer -> dendrites penetrate ML
Inner Granular Layer ->multipolar neurons
What are the three layers of Meninges and what are they composed of?
Dura Mater -> dense CT; highly vascularized
Arachnoid -> holds trabeculae; Secrete CSF
Pia Mater -> Collagen Fibers; squamos ep.
What type of Glial Cell is found at the Blood Brain Barrier?
Astrocytes
Which glial cell secretes CSF?
Ependymal
What are the (3) components of CSF?
Choroid Plexus
Circulation
Hydrocephalus
Fx. of Choroid Plexus
- highly vascularized
- responsible for formation of CSF
- lines portion of ventricles
Fx. of Circulation
-Fills ventricles, central spinal chord canal sub. arachnoid space & perivascular spaces
Fx. Hydrocephalus
Problem caused when CSF is blocked from exiting ventricles
What are the 3 nerve coverings and what do they individually cover?
Epineurium -> covers large nerve
Perineurium -> covers nerve bundles
Endoneurium -> covers nerve fibers (vascularized)
Dorsal Root Ganglia are primarily composed of which neuron type?
Pseudounipolar
Autonomic Ganglia are which type of Neurons and travel in which direction?
Multi-Polar Neurons; Efferent Pathway
What NT is released by Cholinergic Junctions and which pathway do they primarily travel? Which portion of the PNS do they fall in?
ACH; Efferent
Parasympathetic
What NT is released by Adrenergic Junctions and which pathway do they primarily travel?
NE; Post Ganglionic Sympathetic Neurons
