Hematology/Hematopoiesis Flashcards
1
Q
True or False: Heparin is a coagulant
A
True
2
Q
What are the (3) Formed Elements of Blood
A
RBC, WBC, Platelets
3
Q
What are the (2) components of Platelets
A
Water, Solutes
4
Q
What type of stain is found in Differential staining?
A
Romanovsky-type stain
5
Q
What colors do basophils stain in Differential staining?
A
blue
6
Q
What colors do azurophilic stain in Differential staining?
A
purple
7
Q
What colors do eosinophil stain in Differential staining?
A
orange
8
Q
What colors do neutrophilic stain in Differential staining?
A
pink
9
Q
Fx. of Neutrophil
A
attack bacteria
10
Q
Fx. of Eosinophil
A
attack parasites
11
Q
Fx. of Basophil
A
mediate inflammation
12
Q
Fx. of Lymphocyte
A
Mediate Humoral/Cellular Immunity
13
Q
Fx. of Monocyte
A
Become phagocytic Macrophages
14
Q
What are the (3) types of Granulocytes
A
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
15
Q
What are the (2) types of Agranulocytes
A
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
16
Q
Diapedesis
A
Migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells into connective tissues
17
Q
True or False
RBC have limited life-span
A
True
18
Q
True or False
Solutes contribute to Osmotic Pressure
A
False; Albumin
19
Q
What are included in Globulins?
A
Immunoglobulins(Antibodies)/ transport globulins that bind small ions/ hormones and other compounds
20
Q
Which Plasma Protein deals with blood clotting?
A
Fibrinogen
21
Q
What are (4) Plasma Compositions in Small Organics?
A
Lipids (FA, cholesterol, glycerides
Carbs, Amino Acids and
Organic Wastes (urea, bilirubin, creatine)
22
Q
What are the (2) transmembrane proteins exposed to the outer membrane of the RBC?
A
Glucophorin & Anion Transporter
23
Q
True or False:
Anion Transporter Channel allows HCO3- to cross the Plasma Membrane in exchange for Cl-
A
True
24
Q
In Erythrocyte Membrane: What facilitates release of Co2 in the lung?
A
Anion channel allowing HCO3- to cross PM in exchange for Cl-.
25
Which biochemical component of the RBC cell surface is primarily responsible for determining blood type?
Carbohydrate
26
Blood Types: The addition of what sugars contribute to O- blood types?
O Antigen: Galactose- Fucose
27
Blood Types: The addition of what sugars contribute to A- blood types?
A Antigen: GalNAc-Galactose- Fucose
28
Blood Types: The addition of what sugars contribute to B- blood types?
B Antigen:Galactose-Galactose- Fucose
29
Fx. of erythrocyte
Exchange of O2/CO2
30
What type of mutation causes Sickle Cell Anemia?
Point Mutation in Hemoglobin
31
What is the physiology that causes Sickle Cell Anemia?
Changing a Glutamic Acid to a Valine that causes a sickle-shaped erythrocyte
32
True or False
| Anemia- High [Hb] by Circulatory System
False; low [Hb]
33
How long do circulating mature RBC live?
120 days
34
How long does production/release of RBC take?
7-8 days
35
Where does 90% of RBC (Hemolysis) go?
Extravascular: spleen, liver and bone marrow
36
The integrity of an erythrocyte during its lifetime depends upon the ___, ___ and _____.
cell membrane, hemoglobin and metabolic enzymes
37
What are Barr Bodies and where are they found?
Inactive X-Chromosome; Neutrophils
38
What Granulocyte is "Lobulated?"
Neutrophils
39
Which cell has major bands and what do they produce?
Eosinophil; Major Basic Protein
40
What is the difference between stains in Specific and Non-Specific Neutrophils?
Specific
- Stains Pink
- Close to limit of Resolution
- Proteases/Lysozyme
Non-Specific
- Stains Purple
- Primary Lysosome
- Myleoperoxidase/Acid Hydrolase
41
Myleoperoxidase/Acid Hydrolase; What color do they stain and which neutrophil are they?
Purple
| Non-Specific
42
Proteases/Lysozyme; What color do they stain and which neutrophil are they?
Pink
| Specific
43
What is margination?
Movement of neutrophils by the process of chemotaxis toward an area of tissue damage?
44
What are the two mechanisms of phagocytosis in killing bacteria and explain each
```
O2 dependent
-superoxide radicals
-hydrogen peroxide converted by MPO into HOCL (Hyperchlorus Acid=Bleach)
O2 independent
-lysosomes
```
45
What are the (5) types of Leukocytes?
```
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
```
46
True or False: Agranulocytes contain granules
False; Granulocytes
47
Bands are found in the____. And are known as what?
Neutrophils; Immature cells
48
What is diapedesis?
Migration of cells into tissues
49
True or False: Inflammatory cells may damage DNA and cause cancer
True
50
Basophils are similar to bleach in that they both kill bacteria.
False; Neutrophils
51
Which granulocyte has a stripe?
Eosinophil
52
Name (2) things about Eosinophil-Externum?
- Peroxidase
| - Hydrolytic Enzyme
53
Name (3) things about Eosinophil- Internum?
Major basic protein
eosinophil cationic protein
neurotoxin
54
True or False: Eosinophils limit inflammation
True
55
What happens when there is an parasitic infection?
Eosinophils migrate to sight of infection; and turn off when infection is done
56
How do eosinophils limit inflammation?
By inactivating leukotrienes and histamine
57
Name two functions of Basophils
Inflammation
| Recruit eosinophils
58
What are (4) Basophilic Granules
Heparin
Proteases
Histamine
Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
59
What are (2) Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes/Monocytes
60
Which cell type is capable of further mitosis after leaving the hemopoietic organ in which it is formed?
Lymphocyte (arrive from stem cells in the bone marrow)
61
At what stage during Granulopoiesis do we begin to see specific granules?
Myelocyte
62
Which cell type has cytoplasmic granules that contain heparin/histamine?
Basophil
63
What color do specific/non-specific granules stain?
Specific: Salmon Pink
| Non-Specific: Purple
64
Name (5) cells monocytes differentiate into?
```
Connective Tissue
Liver Cell
Osteoclast
Brain
Lymph Node
```
65
Where do platelets originate?
Bone Marrow
66
What are the (3) stages of Hemolysis?
Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation
Clot formation
67
Who predominantly has Hemophilia A?
Royal Family -
68
What is Hemostasis?
Blood clot formed by platelet aggregation.
69
Blood clots form in Hemostasis because of aid with _______.
Von Willebrand's factor
70
What happens during Vascular Injury?
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
Clotting Cascade
71
What is Hemophilia A?
Absence of Factor VIII; blood cannot clot because there is no Factor VIII from blood plasma to form fibrin.
72
Which contains a neurotoxin?
Eosinophil
73
True or False: Platelets will stick immediately to sub-endothelial collagen?
True
74
What is Gilbert's Disease?
Increase in Bilirubin; low enzymatic activity in liver.
75
When do Distal Long Bones stop form?
20-30 yrs
76
Which cells should be transplanted to reestablish erythrocytic lineage?
Basophilic Erythroblasts
77
What are the dominate sites of Hematopoiesis during the 2nd trimester?
Liver, Spleen, Thymus
78
What are the dominate sites of Hematopoiesis during the 1st trimester?
Yolk Sac
79
What are the dominate sites of Hematopoiesis during the 3rd trimester?
Bone Marrow, Lymphoid Tissue
80
When does the Axial Skeleton stop to form?
30-40 years
81
Produce precursor granulocytes and megakaryocytes; definitive RBC. When does this occur?
2nd Trimester
82
What are the (5) places you can get Bone marrow from?
- Sternum
- Shaft of Tibia
- Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
- Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
- Spinous Processes of Vertebrae
83
What is the Granulocytic Pathway in Hematopoiesis?
```
Hemocytoblasts
Myeloid Stem Cells
Progenitor Cells
Myeloblast
Myelocytes
Band Cells
Granulocytes
```
84
What is the RBC Pathway in Hematopoiesis?
```
Hematocytoblasts
Myeloid Stem Cells
Progenitor Cells
Proeythroblast
Erythroblast Stages
(Ejection of Nucleus)
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
```
85
What do T/B Cells do?
B-Cells: Humoral Immunity
T-Cells: Cellular Immunity
86
True or False: Monocytes leave the blood and become macrophages
True
87
True or False: As we get older, our Hematopoiesis increases.
False; Hematopoiesis decrease as we get older
88
What cell in circulating blood is the precursor to microglia and most antigen-presenting cells?
Monocyte
89
Can erythroid series undergo mitosis?
Yes
90
Which cytoplasmic components are the main constituents of the dark precipitate that forms in reticulocytes upon staining with the dye cresyl blue?
Polyribosomes
91
True or False: Monocytes/Lymphocytes are derived from Myeloid Stem Cells?
False; Lymphoid Stem Cells
92
Name (5) Cells derived from Myeloid Stem Cells?
```
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
RBC
Platelets
```
93
A differential cell count of a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic infection is likely to reveal and increase in the circulating numbers of?
Eosinophil
94
What is the earliest stage at which specific granulocyte types can be distinguished from one another?
Myelocyte
95
As we get older Hematopoiesis tissue decreases and is replaced by _____.
Adipose Tissue
96
Bone Marrow is a reservoir of ____.
DNA
97
Where is erythropoietin produced?
Kindey
98
Erythropoietin stimulates____.
RBC Mitosis
99
What detects low blood O2 levels.
Renal interstitial pertubular cells
100
Reticulocytes differentiate into what?
Erythrocytes
