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Histology > Hematology/Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematology/Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Heparin is a coagulant

A

True

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2
Q

What are the (3) Formed Elements of Blood

A

RBC, WBC, Platelets

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3
Q

What are the (2) components of Platelets

A

Water, Solutes

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4
Q

What type of stain is found in Differential staining?

A

Romanovsky-type stain

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5
Q

What colors do basophils stain in Differential staining?

A

blue

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6
Q

What colors do azurophilic stain in Differential staining?

A

purple

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7
Q

What colors do eosinophil stain in Differential staining?

A

orange

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8
Q

What colors do neutrophilic stain in Differential staining?

A

pink

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9
Q

Fx. of Neutrophil

A

attack bacteria

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10
Q

Fx. of Eosinophil

A

attack parasites

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11
Q

Fx. of Basophil

A

mediate inflammation

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12
Q

Fx. of Lymphocyte

A

Mediate Humoral/Cellular Immunity

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13
Q

Fx. of Monocyte

A

Become phagocytic Macrophages

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14
Q

What are the (3) types of Granulocytes

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

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15
Q

What are the (2) types of Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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16
Q

Diapedesis

A

Migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells into connective tissues

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17
Q

True or False

RBC have limited life-span

A

True

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18
Q

True or False

Solutes contribute to Osmotic Pressure

A

False; Albumin

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19
Q

What are included in Globulins?

A

Immunoglobulins(Antibodies)/ transport globulins that bind small ions/ hormones and other compounds

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20
Q

Which Plasma Protein deals with blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen

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21
Q

What are (4) Plasma Compositions in Small Organics?

A

Lipids (FA, cholesterol, glycerides
Carbs, Amino Acids and
Organic Wastes (urea, bilirubin, creatine)

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22
Q

What are the (2) transmembrane proteins exposed to the outer membrane of the RBC?

A

Glucophorin & Anion Transporter

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23
Q

True or False:

Anion Transporter Channel allows HCO3- to cross the Plasma Membrane in exchange for Cl-

A

True

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24
Q

In Erythrocyte Membrane: What facilitates release of Co2 in the lung?

A

Anion channel allowing HCO3- to cross PM in exchange for Cl-.

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25
Q

Which biochemical component of the RBC cell surface is primarily responsible for determining blood type?

A

Carbohydrate

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26
Q

Blood Types: The addition of what sugars contribute to O- blood types?

A

O Antigen: Galactose- Fucose

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27
Q

Blood Types: The addition of what sugars contribute to A- blood types?

A

A Antigen: GalNAc-Galactose- Fucose

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28
Q

Blood Types: The addition of what sugars contribute to B- blood types?

A

B Antigen:Galactose-Galactose- Fucose

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29
Q

Fx. of erythrocyte

A

Exchange of O2/CO2

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30
Q

What type of mutation causes Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Point Mutation in Hemoglobin

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31
Q

What is the physiology that causes Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Changing a Glutamic Acid to a Valine that causes a sickle-shaped erythrocyte

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32
Q

True or False

Anemia- High [Hb] by Circulatory System

A

False; low [Hb]

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33
Q

How long do circulating mature RBC live?

A

120 days

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34
Q

How long does production/release of RBC take?

A

7-8 days

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35
Q

Where does 90% of RBC (Hemolysis) go?

A

Extravascular: spleen, liver and bone marrow

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36
Q

The integrity of an erythrocyte during its lifetime depends upon the ___, ___ and _____.

A

cell membrane, hemoglobin and metabolic enzymes

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37
Q

What are Barr Bodies and where are they found?

A

Inactive X-Chromosome; Neutrophils

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38
Q

What Granulocyte is “Lobulated?”

A

Neutrophils

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39
Q

Which cell has major bands and what do they produce?

A

Eosinophil; Major Basic Protein

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40
Q

What is the difference between stains in Specific and Non-Specific Neutrophils?

A

Specific

  • Stains Pink
  • Close to limit of Resolution
  • Proteases/Lysozyme

Non-Specific

  • Stains Purple
  • Primary Lysosome
  • Myleoperoxidase/Acid Hydrolase
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41
Q

Myleoperoxidase/Acid Hydrolase; What color do they stain and which neutrophil are they?

A

Purple

Non-Specific

42
Q

Proteases/Lysozyme; What color do they stain and which neutrophil are they?

A

Pink

Specific

43
Q

What is margination?

A

Movement of neutrophils by the process of chemotaxis toward an area of tissue damage?

44
Q

What are the two mechanisms of phagocytosis in killing bacteria and explain each

A 
O2 dependent
-superoxide radicals
-hydrogen peroxide converted by MPO into HOCL (Hyperchlorus Acid=Bleach)
O2 independent
-lysosomes
45
Q

What are the (5) types of Leukocytes?

A 
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
46
Q

True or False: Agranulocytes contain granules

A

False; Granulocytes

47
Q

Bands are found in the____. And are known as what?

A

Neutrophils; Immature cells

48
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Migration of cells into tissues

49
Q

True or False: Inflammatory cells may damage DNA and cause cancer

A

True

50
Q

Basophils are similar to bleach in that they both kill bacteria.

A

False; Neutrophils

51
Q

Which granulocyte has a stripe?

A

Eosinophil

52
Q

Name (2) things about Eosinophil-Externum?

A
  • Peroxidase

- Hydrolytic Enzyme

53
Q

Name (3) things about Eosinophil- Internum?

A

Major basic protein
eosinophil cationic protein
neurotoxin

54
Q

True or False: Eosinophils limit inflammation

A

True

55
Q

What happens when there is an parasitic infection?

A

Eosinophils migrate to sight of infection; and turn off when infection is done

56
Q

How do eosinophils limit inflammation?

A

By inactivating leukotrienes and histamine

57
Q

Name two functions of Basophils

A

Inflammation

Recruit eosinophils

58
Q

What are (4) Basophilic Granules

A

Heparin
Proteases
Histamine
Eosinophilic chemotactic factor

59
Q

What are (2) Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes/Monocytes

60
Q

Which cell type is capable of further mitosis after leaving the hemopoietic organ in which it is formed?

A

Lymphocyte (arrive from stem cells in the bone marrow)

61
Q

At what stage during Granulopoiesis do we begin to see specific granules?

A

Myelocyte

62
Q

Which cell type has cytoplasmic granules that contain heparin/histamine?

A

Basophil

63
Q

What color do specific/non-specific granules stain?

A

Specific: Salmon Pink

Non-Specific: Purple

64
Q

Name (5) cells monocytes differentiate into?

A 
Connective Tissue
Liver Cell
Osteoclast
Brain
Lymph Node
65
Q

Where do platelets originate?

A

Bone Marrow

66
Q

What are the (3) stages of Hemolysis?

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation
Clot formation

67
Q

Who predominantly has Hemophilia A?

A

Royal Family -

68
Q

What is Hemostasis?

A

Blood clot formed by platelet aggregation.

69
Q

Blood clots form in Hemostasis because of aid with _______.

A

Von Willebrand’s factor

70
Q

What happens during Vascular Injury?

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelets
Clotting Cascade

71
Q

What is Hemophilia A?

A

Absence of Factor VIII; blood cannot clot because there is no Factor VIII from blood plasma to form fibrin.

72
Q

Which contains a neurotoxin?

A

Eosinophil

73
Q

True or False: Platelets will stick immediately to sub-endothelial collagen?

A

True

74
Q

What is Gilbert’s Disease?

A

Increase in Bilirubin; low enzymatic activity in liver.

75
Q

When do Distal Long Bones stop form?

A

20-30 yrs

76
Q

Which cells should be transplanted to reestablish erythrocytic lineage?

A

Basophilic Erythroblasts

77
Q

What are the dominate sites of Hematopoiesis during the 2nd trimester?

A

Liver, Spleen, Thymus

78
Q

What are the dominate sites of Hematopoiesis during the 1st trimester?

A

Yolk Sac

79
Q

What are the dominate sites of Hematopoiesis during the 3rd trimester?

A

Bone Marrow, Lymphoid Tissue

80
Q

When does the Axial Skeleton stop to form?

A

30-40 years

81
Q

Produce precursor granulocytes and megakaryocytes; definitive RBC. When does this occur?

A

2nd Trimester

82
Q

What are the (5) places you can get Bone marrow from?

A
  • Sternum
  • Shaft of Tibia
  • Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
  • Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
  • Spinous Processes of Vertebrae
83
Q

What is the Granulocytic Pathway in Hematopoiesis?

A 
Hemocytoblasts
Myeloid Stem Cells
Progenitor Cells
Myeloblast
Myelocytes
Band Cells
Granulocytes
84
Q

What is the RBC Pathway in Hematopoiesis?

A 
Hematocytoblasts
Myeloid Stem Cells
Progenitor Cells
Proeythroblast
Erythroblast Stages
(Ejection of Nucleus)
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
85
Q

What do T/B Cells do?

A

B-Cells: Humoral Immunity

T-Cells: Cellular Immunity

86
Q

True or False: Monocytes leave the blood and become macrophages

A

True

87
Q

True or False: As we get older, our Hematopoiesis increases.

A

False; Hematopoiesis decrease as we get older

88
Q

What cell in circulating blood is the precursor to microglia and most antigen-presenting cells?

A

Monocyte

89
Q

Can erythroid series undergo mitosis?

A

Yes

90
Q

Which cytoplasmic components are the main constituents of the dark precipitate that forms in reticulocytes upon staining with the dye cresyl blue?

A

Polyribosomes

91
Q

True or False: Monocytes/Lymphocytes are derived from Myeloid Stem Cells?

A

False; Lymphoid Stem Cells

92
Q

Name (5) Cells derived from Myeloid Stem Cells?

A 
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
RBC
Platelets
93
Q

A differential cell count of a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic infection is likely to reveal and increase in the circulating numbers of?

A

Eosinophil

94
Q

What is the earliest stage at which specific granulocyte types can be distinguished from one another?

A

Myelocyte

95
Q

As we get older Hematopoiesis tissue decreases and is replaced by _____.

A

Adipose Tissue

96
Q

Bone Marrow is a reservoir of ____.

A

DNA

97
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

Kindey

98
Q

Erythropoietin stimulates____.

A

RBC Mitosis

99
Q

What detects low blood O2 levels.

A

Renal interstitial pertubular cells

100
Q

Reticulocytes differentiate into what?

A

Erythrocytes

Histology (9 decks)

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