Nervous Flashcards
evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, temp., taste
parietal lobe
motor areas of cerebral cortex
- primary motor cortex
- premotor area
- prefrontal area
it allows movement in spinal cord
spinal nerves
controls pituitary gland and is connected to it by
infundibulum
hypothalamus
function of vagus
sensory to pharynx, larynx, and viscera; palate; thorax and abdomen
collection of axons and their myelin sheath
white matter
involved in conscious control of skeletal muscle
pyramids
contain axons which synapse with interneurons
posterior horns
functions of midbrain
coordinated eye movement, pupil diameter, turning head toward noise
lobe located at the top of the brain
parietal lobe
where an axon attaches to a muscle, gland, organ, or other neuron
synapse
Based on type of sensory stimulus
- Cutaneous receptors
- Visceroreceptors
- Proprioceptors
Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots and ventral roots
spinal nerves
components of brainstem
medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
if damaged, paralysis can occur
spinal cord
types of somatic
- touch
- pressure
- proprioception
- temperature
- pain
frontal lobe; control voluntary motor movement
primary motor cortex
located above pons
midbrain
infection of meninges (bacterial or viral)
meningitis
neuronal pathways
converging and diverging
3rd layer of the meninges; on the surface of the brain
pia mater
it is located below cerebrum
cerebellum
sensory input such as pain, pressure, temp.
primary somatic sensory cortex
Characteristics of Neuroglia
- supporting cells for neurons
- more numerous than neurons
- can divide to produce more cells
- has 5 types
function of abducens
motor to one extrinsic eye muscle
basal nuclei located deep in cerebrum
corpus striatum
its response is automatic (involuntary); controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
autonomic
controls homeostasis, body temp, thirst,
hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotionn
hypothalamus
Group of functionally related nuclei
basal nuclei
organization of nervous tissue
gray matter and white matter
what columns does white matter in spinal cord contains
dorsal, ventral, and lateral columns
responsible for math, analytic, and speech
left hemisphere
brain waves: in children
theta waves
Functions of Nervous System
- Sensory Input
- Integration
- Control of muscles and glands
- Mental activity
- Homeostasis
shallow indentations
sulci
mainly in left hemisphere
speech
located on the parietal lobe; where words are heard and comprehended
sensory speech (wernicke’s area)
components of reflex arc
- sensory receptors
- sensory (afferent) neurons
- interneurons (association) neuron
- efferent (motor) neurons
- effector
located above thalamus
epithalamus
person is awake in quiet state
alpha waves
Collects input from different sources, relays input to CNS, and performs action
peripheral nervous system
receives stimulus from other neurons or sensory receptors
dendrite
one dendrite and one axon
bipolar
send response to effector
efferent (motor) neurons
disease of myelin sheath that causes loss of muscle function
multiple sclerosis
Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons
spinal nerves
types of meningitis
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
- subarachnoid space
spinal cord is protected by
vertebral column
consolidated is located on what lobe
temporal lobe
integration of nervous system function
- Sensation
- Control of Skeletal Muscles
- Brainstem Functions
- Higher Brain Functions
- Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
it is where sensations are perceived
primary sensory areas
in vertebral column between dura and vertebra
epidural space
motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movement
prefrontal area
controls right side of body
left hemisphere
its cortex is composed of gyri, sulci, gray matter
cerebellum
processes stimulus and contains a nucleus
cell body
lobes of cerebrum
frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
2 categories of functions of cranial nerves
sensory and motor
Respond to light striking the receptor cells (vision)
Photoreceptors
collection of axons in CNS
nerve tracts
what type of neuron does sensory neurons have
pseudo-unipolar
axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one neuron
diverging
electrodes plated on scalp to record brain’s electrical activity
electroencephalogram (EEG)
two or more neurons synapse same neuron
converging
Gated ion channels
- closed until opened by specific signal
- sodium channels
outside of spinal cord, contains myelinated fibers
white matter
path reflex travels
reflex arc
basal nuclei located in midbrain
substantia nigra
activated during times of stress; part of fight or flight response
sympathetic
carries processed input from CNS to effector
efferent (motor)
components of cerebrum
cerebral cortex, gyri, sulci, fissure, left and right hemisphere, and corpus callosum
located on the surface of cerebrum, composed of gray matter
cerebral cortex
one axon and no dendrites
pseudo-unipolar
number of cranial nerves
12 pairs
what type of neuron does CNS and most motor neurons have
multipolar
Plan, organize, coordinate motor movements and
posture
basal nuclei
superficial; thickest layer of the meninges
dura mater
components of diencephalon
thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus
transmit information via action potentials from periphery to brain
ascending tracts
produce myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells
Process initiated by stimuli acting on sensory receptors
sensation
receptors localized within specific organs
special senses
influences moods and detects pain
thalamus
Located between the brainstem and cerebrum
diencephalon
largest portion of brain
cerebrum
Spinal nerves C1-4
cervical plexuses
types of sensory receptors
- Based on type of stimulus detected
- Based on location
- Based on structure
steps of reflex arc
- stimulus (receptor)
- sensory neuron
- central nervous system
- motor neuron
- effector (muscle)
data that has been encoded
consolidated
function of trigeminal
sensory to face and teeth; mastication
function of accessory
two neck and upper back muscles
produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); line cavities
ependymal cells
Types of Neuroglia
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Microglia
- Oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
few minutes or permanently (depends on
retrieval)
storage
center of spinal cord, looks like letter H or a butterfly
gray matter
Main Division of nervous system
Central and peripheral Nervous System
axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain
descending tracts
transmits stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other neuron
axon
Provide information about the internal environment
Visceroreceptors
Supply nerves to upper limb, shoulder, hand
brachial plexus
injection site for epidural anesthesia
epidural space
Provide information about body position, movement and the extent of stretch or the force of muscular contractions
Proprioceptors
fluid filled space in center of cord
central canal
collection of cell bodies in CNS
Nuclei
involved in digestion, urine production, and
dilation/constriction of pupils, etc.
parasympathetic
controls balance,
muscle tone, coordination of fine motor movement
cerebellum
function of facial
sensory: taste; facial expression; parasympathetic to salivary and tear glands
base of cerebellum; continuous with central canal of spinal cord
fourth ventricle
pathways in brain and spinal cord
ascending tracts
made of 2-3 neurons in sequence
ascending tracts
largest portion of diencephalon
thalamus
Respond to extreme mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli
Nociceptors
Respond to mechanical force (touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing and balance)
Mechanoreceptors
lobe located at the back of the brain
occipital lobe
star-shaped; most abundant; forms blood-brain barrier; regulate ions
astrocytes
Respond to changes in temperature (temperature)
Thermoreceptors
function of oculomotor
constrict pupils, thickens lens; eye muscle; upper eyelid
Provides a protective cushion around the CNS
cerebrospinal fluid
allows information to be transmitted in one neuronal pathway to diverge into 2 or more pathways
diverging
it regulates cyclical motor function, respiration,
walking, chewing, arousing and maintaining
consciousness, regulates sleep-wake cycle
reticular formation
Structures of Neurons
Dendrite, cell body, axon
emotional and visceral response to odors
epithalamus
Consists of all neurons outside brain and spinal
cord
peripheral nervous system
Provide information about the external environment
Cutaneous receptors
“housekeeper”
parasympathetic
function of this lobe: vision
occipital lobe
many dendrites and a single axon
multipolar
Located between vertebra
spinal nerves
Produced in choroid plexus of brain
cerebrospinal fluid
general sensory area
primary somatic sensory cortex
Used to diagnose and determine treatment of brain disorders
brain waves and consciousness
folds on cerebral cortex that increase surface area
gyri
collection of cell bodies in PNS
Ganglion
Originates from spinal nerves L1-S4
Lumbosacral Plexus
in subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal
fluid can be removed or anesthetic inject
spinal block and spinal tap
located below thalamus
hypothalamus
deep indentations
fissure
divisions of efferent (motor)
- autonomic
- somatic
deep sleep
delta waves
short term memory
consolidated
intense mental activity
beta waves
Explain Resting Membrane Potential
Potassium - Inside of cell is more (-)
Sodium - outside of cell is more (+)
it is where cerebrospinal fluid sits
subarachnoid space
controls voluntary motor functions, aggression, moods, smell
frontal lobe
The means by which the brain receives information about the environment and the body
senses
Project from upper motor neurons in cerebral
cortex to lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem
descending tracts
located on the frontal lobe; where words are formulated
motor speech (bronca’s area)
divisions of peripheral nervous system
- afferent (sensory)
- efferent (motor)
fatty, protective wrapping around axons; excellent insulator
myelin sheath
function of glossopharyngeal
sensory: taste and touch to back of tongue; pharyngeal muscles; parasympathetic to salivary glands
function of trochlear
motor to one extrinsic eye muscle
how often information is used
retrieval
Fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
long term memory
storage
divisions of cerebrum
right and left hemisphere
its response is voluntary; controls skeletal muscles
somatic
allows information to be transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway
converging
types of special senses
- smell
- taste
- sight
- hearing
- balance
functions of pons
breathing, chewing, salivation, and swallowing
2nd layer of the meninges
arachnoid mater
brief retention of sensory input received by brain while something is scanned, evaluated, and acted up
encoding
contain autonomic neurons
lateral horns
Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1
brachial plexus
produce myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
information is retained for a few seconds or min.; bits of info. (usually 7)
short-term memory
Conscious awareness of the sensations
perception
controls thinking, communicating, remembering, understanding, and initiates involuntary movements
cerebral cortex
places or events
episodic memory
collection of axons in PNS
nerves
controls different types of movements
descending tracts
each tract has limited type of sensory input (temp, touch, pain, etc.)
ascending tracts
it is where ascending tracts project
primary sensory areas
sending more blood to skeletal muscles; inhibiting digestive tract
sympathetic
axons that conduct action potentials toward brain
ascending tracts
Leak ion channels
- always open
- potassium channels
location of medulla oblongata
continuous with spinal cord
sensory areas of cerebral cortex in parietal lobe
primary somatic sensory cortex
Respond to chemicals (smell and taste)
Chemoreceptors
cavities in CNS that contain fluid
ventricles
activated under normal conditions
parasympathetic
controls left side of the body
right hemisphere
send stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord
sensory (afferent) neurons
encoding is located in what lobe
temporal lobe
responsible for music, art, abstract ideas
right hemisphere
function of hypoglossal
motor to tongue muscles
function of vestibulocochlear
hearing and balance
types of neurons
multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar
means little brain
cerebellum
Innervates muscles attached to hyoid bone and neck
cervical plexuses
numbs spinal nerves
spinal block and spinal tap
muscle, gland, or organ
effector
lasts less than a second
encoding
types of visceral
- pain
- pressure
involuntary response to stimulus
reflexes
contain somatic neurons
anterior horns
general senses located in skin, muscles, joints
somatic
encoding is also called
sensory memory
Categorized by region of vertebral column from
which it emerges (C for cervical)
spinal nerves
pick up stimulus; in skin
sensory receptors
31 pairs
spinal nerves
utilizing past memories
learning
prepares you for physical activity by:
- ↑ HR
- ↑ BP
- ↑ BR
sympathetic
located in CNS and connect to motor neurons; process stimulus
interneurons (association) neuron
tracts are named that indicated origin and
termination
ascending tracts
gaps in myelin sheath where action potentials develop
nodes of ranvier
help remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS; defend
Microglia
receptors distributed over a large part of the body
general senses
frontal lobe; where motor functions are organized before initiation
premotor area
organized in 3 plexuses
spinal nerves
collection of dendrites and cell bodies
gray matter
Based on type of stimulus
- Mechanoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Photoreceptors
- Nociceptors
involved with release of neurotransmitter
synapse
functions of this lobe: hearing, smell, memory
temporal lobe
Supply nerves to lower limbs
Lumbosacral Plexus
what type of neuron does eye and nasal cavity have
bipolar
connection between 2 hemispheres
corpus callosum
it regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter,
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping,
coughing, sneezing, balance
medulla oblongata
Characteristics of Neurons
- Nerve cells
- require oxygen and glucose
- receive input, process input, produce a response
Division of nervous system which contains brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
general senses located in internal organs
visceral
it is scattered throughout brainstem
reticular formation
can last for a few minutes or permanently
long-term memory
electricity that cause depolarization and repolarization
action potentials
protective wrapping around brain and spinal cord
meninges
located above medulla, bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum
pons
collects input from periphery and sends it to CNS
afferent (Sensory)
lobe located in front of the brain
frontal lobe
lobe located on the sides of the brain
temporal lobe
function of optic
vision
function of olfactory
smell
how do you name cranial nerves
by roman numerals
Division of nervous system which contains all neurons outside CNS
peripheral nervous system
right and left hemisphere are separated by
longitudinal fissure
spinal cord extends from foramen magnum to what vertebra?
2nd lumbar vertebra
divisions of ANS
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
jumping of action potential
saltatory conduction
Contains phrenic nerve which innervates diaphragm
cervical plexuses
