Nervous Flashcards
1
Q
evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, temp., taste
A
parietal lobe
2
Q
motor areas of cerebral cortex
A
- primary motor cortex
- premotor area
- prefrontal area
3
Q
it allows movement in spinal cord
A
spinal nerves
4
Q
controls pituitary gland and is connected to it by
infundibulum
A
hypothalamus
5
Q
function of vagus
A
sensory to pharynx, larynx, and viscera; palate; thorax and abdomen
6
Q
collection of axons and their myelin sheath
A
white matter
7
Q
involved in conscious control of skeletal muscle
A
pyramids
8
Q
contain axons which synapse with interneurons
A
posterior horns
9
Q
functions of midbrain
A
coordinated eye movement, pupil diameter, turning head toward noise
10
Q
lobe located at the top of the brain
A
parietal lobe
11
Q
where an axon attaches to a muscle, gland, organ, or other neuron
A
synapse
12
Q
Based on type of sensory stimulus
A
- Cutaneous receptors
- Visceroreceptors
- Proprioceptors
13
Q
Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots and ventral roots
A
spinal nerves
14
Q
components of brainstem
A
medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
15
Q
if damaged, paralysis can occur
A
spinal cord
16
Q
types of somatic
A
- touch
- pressure
- proprioception
- temperature
- pain
17
Q
frontal lobe; control voluntary motor movement
A
primary motor cortex
18
Q
located above pons
A
midbrain
19
Q
infection of meninges (bacterial or viral)
A
meningitis
20
Q
neuronal pathways
A
converging and diverging
21
Q
3rd layer of the meninges; on the surface of the brain
A
pia mater
22
Q
it is located below cerebrum
A
cerebellum
23
Q
sensory input such as pain, pressure, temp.
A
primary somatic sensory cortex
24
Q
Characteristics of Neuroglia
A
- supporting cells for neurons
- more numerous than neurons
- can divide to produce more cells
- has 5 types
25
function of abducens
motor to one extrinsic eye muscle
26
basal nuclei located deep in cerebrum
corpus striatum
27
its response is automatic (involuntary); controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
autonomic
28
controls homeostasis, body temp, thirst,
hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotionn
hypothalamus
29
Group of functionally related nuclei
basal nuclei
30
organization of nervous tissue
gray matter and white matter
31
what columns does white matter in spinal cord contains
dorsal, ventral, and lateral columns
32
responsible for math, analytic, and speech
left hemisphere
33
brain waves: in children
theta waves
34
Functions of Nervous System
1. Sensory Input
2. Integration
3. Control of muscles and glands
4. Mental activity
5. Homeostasis
35
shallow indentations
sulci
36
mainly in left hemisphere
speech
37
located on the parietal lobe; where words are heard and comprehended
sensory speech (wernicke's area)
38
components of reflex arc
1. sensory receptors
2. sensory (afferent) neurons
3. interneurons (association) neuron
4. efferent (motor) neurons
5. effector
39
located above thalamus
epithalamus
40
person is awake in quiet state
alpha waves
41
Collects input from different sources, relays input to CNS, and performs action
peripheral nervous system
42
receives stimulus from other neurons or sensory receptors
dendrite
43
one dendrite and one axon
bipolar
44
send response to effector
efferent (motor) neurons
45
disease of myelin sheath that causes loss of muscle function
multiple sclerosis
46
Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons
spinal nerves
47
types of meningitis
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater
4. subarachnoid space
48
spinal cord is protected by
vertebral column
49
consolidated is located on what lobe
temporal lobe
50
integration of nervous system function
* Sensation
* Control of Skeletal Muscles
* Brainstem Functions
* Higher Brain Functions
* Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
51
it is where sensations are perceived
primary sensory areas
52
in vertebral column between dura and vertebra
epidural space
53
motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movement
prefrontal area
54
controls right side of body
left hemisphere
55
its cortex is composed of gyri, sulci, gray matter
cerebellum
56
processes stimulus and contains a nucleus
cell body
57
lobes of cerebrum
frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
58
2 categories of functions of cranial nerves
sensory and motor
59
Respond to light striking the receptor cells (vision)
Photoreceptors
60
collection of axons in CNS
nerve tracts
61
what type of neuron does sensory neurons have
pseudo-unipolar
62
axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one neuron
diverging
63
electrodes plated on scalp to record brain’s electrical activity
electroencephalogram (EEG)
64
two or more neurons synapse same neuron
converging
65
Gated ion channels
- closed until opened by specific signal
- sodium channels
66
outside of spinal cord, contains myelinated fibers
white matter
67
path reflex travels
reflex arc
68
basal nuclei located in midbrain
substantia nigra
69
activated during times of stress; part of fight or flight response
sympathetic
70
carries processed input from CNS to effector
efferent (motor)
71
components of cerebrum
cerebral cortex, gyri, sulci, fissure, left and right hemisphere, and corpus callosum
72
located on the surface of cerebrum, composed of gray matter
cerebral cortex
73
one axon and no dendrites
pseudo-unipolar
74
number of cranial nerves
12 pairs
75
what type of neuron does CNS and most motor neurons have
multipolar
76
Plan, organize, coordinate motor movements and
posture
basal nuclei
77
superficial; thickest layer of the meninges
dura mater
78
components of diencephalon
thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus
79
transmit information via action potentials from periphery to brain
ascending tracts
80
produce myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells
81
Process initiated by stimuli acting on sensory receptors
sensation
82
receptors localized within specific organs
special senses
83
influences moods and detects pain
thalamus
84
Located between the brainstem and cerebrum
diencephalon
85
largest portion of brain
cerebrum
86
Spinal nerves C1-4
cervical plexuses
87
types of sensory receptors
- Based on type of stimulus detected
- Based on location
- Based on structure
88
steps of reflex arc
1. stimulus (receptor)
2. sensory neuron
3. central nervous system
4. motor neuron
5. effector (muscle)
89
data that has been encoded
consolidated
90
function of trigeminal
sensory to face and teeth; mastication
91
function of accessory
two neck and upper back muscles
92
produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); line cavities
ependymal cells
93
Types of Neuroglia
1. Astrocytes
2. Ependymal cells
3. Microglia
4. Oligodendrocytes
5. Schwann cells
94
few minutes or permanently (depends on
retrieval)
storage
95
center of spinal cord, looks like letter H or a butterfly
gray matter
96
Main Division of nervous system
Central and peripheral Nervous System
97
axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain
descending tracts
98
transmits stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other neuron
axon
99
Provide information about the internal environment
Visceroreceptors
100
Supply nerves to upper limb, shoulder, hand
brachial plexus
101
injection site for epidural anesthesia
epidural space
102
Provide information about body position, movement and the extent of stretch or the force of muscular contractions
Proprioceptors
103
fluid filled space in center of cord
central canal
104
collection of cell bodies in CNS
Nuclei
105
involved in digestion, urine production, and
dilation/constriction of pupils, etc.
parasympathetic
106
controls balance,
muscle tone, coordination of fine motor movement
cerebellum
107
function of facial
sensory: taste; facial expression; parasympathetic to salivary and tear glands
108
base of cerebellum; continuous with central canal of spinal cord
fourth ventricle
109
pathways in brain and spinal cord
ascending tracts
110
made of 2-3 neurons in sequence
ascending tracts
111
largest portion of diencephalon
thalamus
112
Respond to extreme mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli
Nociceptors
113
Respond to mechanical force (touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing and balance)
Mechanoreceptors
114
lobe located at the back of the brain
occipital lobe
115
star-shaped; most abundant; forms blood-brain barrier; regulate ions
astrocytes
116
Respond to changes in temperature (temperature)
Thermoreceptors
117
function of oculomotor
constrict pupils, thickens lens; eye muscle; upper eyelid
118
Provides a protective cushion around the CNS
cerebrospinal fluid
119
allows information to be transmitted in one neuronal pathway to diverge into 2 or more pathways
diverging
120
it regulates cyclical motor function, respiration,
walking, chewing, arousing and maintaining
consciousness, regulates sleep-wake cycle
reticular formation
121
Structures of Neurons
Dendrite, cell body, axon
122
emotional and visceral response to odors
epithalamus
123
Consists of all neurons outside brain and spinal
cord
peripheral nervous system
124
Provide information about the external environment
Cutaneous receptors
125
“housekeeper”
parasympathetic
126
function of this lobe: vision
occipital lobe
127
many dendrites and a single axon
multipolar
128
Located between vertebra
spinal nerves
129
Produced in choroid plexus of brain
cerebrospinal fluid
130
general sensory area
primary somatic sensory cortex
131
Used to diagnose and determine treatment of brain disorders
brain waves and consciousness
132
folds on cerebral cortex that increase surface area
gyri
133
collection of cell bodies in PNS
Ganglion
134
Originates from spinal nerves L1-S4
Lumbosacral Plexus
135
in subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal
fluid can be removed or anesthetic inject
spinal block and spinal tap
136
located below thalamus
hypothalamus
137
deep indentations
fissure
138
divisions of efferent (motor)
1. autonomic
2. somatic
139
deep sleep
delta waves
140
short term memory
consolidated
141
intense mental activity
beta waves
142
Explain Resting Membrane Potential
Potassium - Inside of cell is more (-)
Sodium - outside of cell is more (+)
143
it is where cerebrospinal fluid sits
subarachnoid space
144
controls voluntary motor functions, aggression, moods, smell
frontal lobe
145
The means by which the brain receives information about the environment and the body
senses
146
Project from upper motor neurons in cerebral
cortex to lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem
descending tracts
147
located on the frontal lobe; where words are formulated
motor speech (bronca's area)
148
divisions of peripheral nervous system
1. afferent (sensory)
2. efferent (motor)
149
fatty, protective wrapping around axons; excellent insulator
myelin sheath
150
function of glossopharyngeal
sensory: taste and touch to back of tongue; pharyngeal muscles; parasympathetic to salivary glands
151
function of trochlear
motor to one extrinsic eye muscle
152
how often information is used
retrieval
153
Fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
154
long term memory
storage
155
divisions of cerebrum
right and left hemisphere
156
its response is voluntary; controls skeletal muscles
somatic
157
allows information to be transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway
converging
158
types of special senses
1. smell
2. taste
3. sight
4. hearing
5. balance
159
functions of pons
breathing, chewing, salivation, and swallowing
160
2nd layer of the meninges
arachnoid mater
161
brief retention of sensory input received by brain while something is scanned, evaluated, and acted up
encoding
162
contain autonomic neurons
lateral horns
163
Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1
brachial plexus
164
produce myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
165
information is retained for a few seconds or min.; bits of info. (usually 7)
short-term memory
166
Conscious awareness of the sensations
perception
167
controls thinking, communicating, remembering, understanding, and initiates involuntary movements
cerebral cortex
168
places or events
episodic memory
169
collection of axons in PNS
nerves
170
controls different types of movements
descending tracts
171
each tract has limited type of sensory input (temp, touch, pain, etc.)
ascending tracts
172
it is where ascending tracts project
primary sensory areas
173
sending more blood to skeletal muscles; inhibiting digestive tract
sympathetic
174
axons that conduct action potentials toward brain
ascending tracts
175
Leak ion channels
- always open
- potassium channels
176
location of medulla oblongata
continuous with spinal cord
177
sensory areas of cerebral cortex in parietal lobe
primary somatic sensory cortex
178
Respond to chemicals (smell and taste)
Chemoreceptors
179
cavities in CNS that contain fluid
ventricles
180
activated under normal conditions
parasympathetic
181
controls left side of the body
right hemisphere
182
send stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord
sensory (afferent) neurons
183
encoding is located in what lobe
temporal lobe
184
responsible for music, art, abstract ideas
right hemisphere
185
function of hypoglossal
motor to tongue muscles
186
function of vestibulocochlear
hearing and balance
187
types of neurons
multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar
188
means little brain
cerebellum
189
Innervates muscles attached to hyoid bone and neck
cervical plexuses
190
numbs spinal nerves
spinal block and spinal tap
191
muscle, gland, or organ
effector
192
lasts less than a second
encoding
193
types of visceral
1. pain
2. pressure
194
involuntary response to stimulus
reflexes
195
contain somatic neurons
anterior horns
196
general senses located in skin, muscles, joints
somatic
197
encoding is also called
sensory memory
198
Categorized by region of vertebral column from
which it emerges (C for cervical)
spinal nerves
199
pick up stimulus; in skin
sensory receptors
200
31 pairs
spinal nerves
201
utilizing past memories
learning
202
prepares you for physical activity by:
- ↑ HR
- ↑ BP
- ↑ BR
sympathetic
203
located in CNS and connect to motor neurons; process stimulus
interneurons (association) neuron
204
tracts are named that indicated origin and
termination
ascending tracts
205
gaps in myelin sheath where action potentials develop
nodes of ranvier
206
help remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS; defend
Microglia
207
receptors distributed over a large part of the body
general senses
208
frontal lobe; where motor functions are organized before initiation
premotor area
209
organized in 3 plexuses
spinal nerves
210
collection of dendrites and cell bodies
gray matter
211
Based on type of stimulus
1. Mechanoreceptors
2. Chemoreceptors
3. Thermoreceptors
4. Photoreceptors
5. Nociceptors
212
involved with release of neurotransmitter
synapse
213
functions of this lobe: hearing, smell, memory
temporal lobe
214
Supply nerves to lower limbs
Lumbosacral Plexus
215
what type of neuron does eye and nasal cavity have
bipolar
216
connection between 2 hemispheres
corpus callosum
217
it regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter,
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping,
coughing, sneezing, balance
medulla oblongata
218
Characteristics of Neurons
1. Nerve cells
2. require oxygen and glucose
3. receive input, process input, produce a response
219
Division of nervous system which contains brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
220
general senses located in internal organs
visceral
221
it is scattered throughout brainstem
reticular formation
222
can last for a few minutes or permanently
long-term memory
223
electricity that cause depolarization and repolarization
action potentials
224
protective wrapping around brain and spinal cord
meninges
225
located above medulla, bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum
pons
226
collects input from periphery and sends it to CNS
afferent (Sensory)
227
lobe located in front of the brain
frontal lobe
228
lobe located on the sides of the brain
temporal lobe
229
function of optic
vision
230
function of olfactory
smell
231
how do you name cranial nerves
by roman numerals
232
Division of nervous system which contains all neurons outside CNS
peripheral nervous system
233
right and left hemisphere are separated by
longitudinal fissure
234
spinal cord extends from foramen magnum to what vertebra?
2nd lumbar vertebra
235
divisions of ANS
1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic
236
jumping of action potential
saltatory conduction
237
Contains phrenic nerve which innervates diaphragm
cervical plexuses
