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Systems > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, temp., taste

A

parietal lobe

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2
Q

motor areas of cerebral cortex

A
  1. primary motor cortex
  2. premotor area
  3. prefrontal area
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3
Q

it allows movement in spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

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4
Q

controls pituitary gland and is connected to it by
infundibulum

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

function of vagus

A

sensory to pharynx, larynx, and viscera; palate; thorax and abdomen

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6
Q

collection of axons and their myelin sheath

A

white matter

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7
Q

involved in conscious control of skeletal muscle

A

pyramids

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8
Q

contain axons which synapse with interneurons

A

posterior horns

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9
Q

functions of midbrain

A

coordinated eye movement, pupil diameter, turning head toward noise

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10
Q

lobe located at the top of the brain

A

parietal lobe

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11
Q

where an axon attaches to a muscle, gland, organ, or other neuron

A

synapse

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12
Q

Based on type of sensory stimulus

A
  1. Cutaneous receptors
  2. Visceroreceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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13
Q

Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots and ventral roots

A

spinal nerves

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14
Q

components of brainstem

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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15
Q

if damaged, paralysis can occur

A

spinal cord

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16
Q

types of somatic

A
  1. touch
  2. pressure
  3. proprioception
  4. temperature
  5. pain
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17
Q

frontal lobe; control voluntary motor movement

A

primary motor cortex

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18
Q

located above pons

A

midbrain

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19
Q

infection of meninges (bacterial or viral)

A

meningitis

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20
Q

neuronal pathways

A

converging and diverging

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21
Q

3rd layer of the meninges; on the surface of the brain

A

pia mater

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22
Q

it is located below cerebrum

A

cerebellum

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23
Q

sensory input such as pain, pressure, temp.

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

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24
Q

Characteristics of Neuroglia

A
  1. supporting cells for neurons
  2. more numerous than neurons
  3. can divide to produce more cells
  4. has 5 types
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25
Q

function of abducens

A

motor to one extrinsic eye muscle

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26
Q

basal nuclei located deep in cerebrum

A

corpus striatum

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27
Q

its response is automatic (involuntary); controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

A

autonomic

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28
Q

controls homeostasis, body temp, thirst,
hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotionn

A

hypothalamus

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29
Q

Group of functionally related nuclei

A

basal nuclei

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30
Q

organization of nervous tissue

A

gray matter and white matter

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31
Q

what columns does white matter in spinal cord contains

A

dorsal, ventral, and lateral columns

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32
Q

responsible for math, analytic, and speech

A

left hemisphere

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33
Q

brain waves: in children

A

theta waves

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34
Q

Functions of Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Input
  2. Integration
  3. Control of muscles and glands
  4. Mental activity
  5. Homeostasis
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35
Q

shallow indentations

A

sulci

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36
Q

mainly in left hemisphere

A

speech

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37
Q

located on the parietal lobe; where words are heard and comprehended

A

sensory speech (wernicke’s area)

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38
Q

components of reflex arc

A
  1. sensory receptors
  2. sensory (afferent) neurons
  3. interneurons (association) neuron
  4. efferent (motor) neurons
  5. effector
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39
Q

located above thalamus

A

epithalamus

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40
Q

person is awake in quiet state

A

alpha waves

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41
Q

Collects input from different sources, relays input to CNS, and performs action

A

peripheral nervous system

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42
Q

receives stimulus from other neurons or sensory receptors

A

dendrite

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43
Q

one dendrite and one axon

A

bipolar

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44
Q

send response to effector

A

efferent (motor) neurons

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45
Q

disease of myelin sheath that causes loss of muscle function

A

multiple sclerosis

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46
Q

Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons

A

spinal nerves

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47
Q

types of meningitis

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
  4. subarachnoid space
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48
Q

spinal cord is protected by

A

vertebral column

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49
Q

consolidated is located on what lobe

A

temporal lobe

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50
Q

integration of nervous system function

A
  • Sensation
  • Control of Skeletal Muscles
  • Brainstem Functions
  • Higher Brain Functions
  • Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
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51
Q

it is where sensations are perceived

A

primary sensory areas

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52
Q

in vertebral column between dura and vertebra

A

epidural space

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53
Q

motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movement

A

prefrontal area

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54
Q

controls right side of body

A

left hemisphere

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55
Q

its cortex is composed of gyri, sulci, gray matter

A

cerebellum

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56
Q

processes stimulus and contains a nucleus

A

cell body

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57
Q

lobes of cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

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58
Q

2 categories of functions of cranial nerves

A

sensory and motor

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59
Q

Respond to light striking the receptor cells (vision)

A

Photoreceptors

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60
Q

collection of axons in CNS

A

nerve tracts

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61
Q

what type of neuron does sensory neurons have

A

pseudo-unipolar

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62
Q

axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one neuron

A

diverging

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63
Q

electrodes plated on scalp to record brain’s electrical activity

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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64
Q

two or more neurons synapse same neuron

A

converging

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65
Q

Gated ion channels

A
  • closed until opened by specific signal
  • sodium channels
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66
Q

outside of spinal cord, contains myelinated fibers

A

white matter

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67
Q

path reflex travels

A

reflex arc

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68
Q

basal nuclei located in midbrain

A

substantia nigra

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69
Q

activated during times of stress; part of fight or flight response

A

sympathetic

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70
Q

carries processed input from CNS to effector

A

efferent (motor)

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71
Q

components of cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex, gyri, sulci, fissure, left and right hemisphere, and corpus callosum

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72
Q

located on the surface of cerebrum, composed of gray matter

A

cerebral cortex

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73
Q

one axon and no dendrites

A

pseudo-unipolar

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74
Q

number of cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

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75
Q

what type of neuron does CNS and most motor neurons have

A

multipolar

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76
Q

Plan, organize, coordinate motor movements and
posture

A

basal nuclei

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77
Q

superficial; thickest layer of the meninges

A

dura mater

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78
Q

components of diencephalon

A

thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus

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79
Q

transmit information via action potentials from periphery to brain

A

ascending tracts

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80
Q

produce myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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81
Q

Process initiated by stimuli acting on sensory receptors

A

sensation

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82
Q

receptors localized within specific organs

A

special senses

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83
Q

influences moods and detects pain

A

thalamus

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84
Q

Located between the brainstem and cerebrum

A

diencephalon

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85
Q

largest portion of brain

A

cerebrum

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86
Q

Spinal nerves C1-4

A

cervical plexuses

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87
Q

types of sensory receptors

A
  • Based on type of stimulus detected
  • Based on location
  • Based on structure
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88
Q

steps of reflex arc

A
  1. stimulus (receptor)
  2. sensory neuron
  3. central nervous system
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector (muscle)
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89
Q

data that has been encoded

A

consolidated

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90
Q

function of trigeminal

A

sensory to face and teeth; mastication

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91
Q

function of accessory

A

two neck and upper back muscles

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92
Q

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); line cavities

A

ependymal cells

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93
Q

Types of Neuroglia

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Microglia
  4. Oligodendrocytes
  5. Schwann cells
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94
Q

few minutes or permanently (depends on
retrieval)

A

storage

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95
Q

center of spinal cord, looks like letter H or a butterfly

A

gray matter

96
Q

Main Division of nervous system

A

Central and peripheral Nervous System

97
Q

axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain

A

descending tracts

98
Q

transmits stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other neuron

A

axon

99
Q

Provide information about the internal environment

A

Visceroreceptors

100
Q

Supply nerves to upper limb, shoulder, hand

A

brachial plexus

101
Q

injection site for epidural anesthesia

A

epidural space

102
Q

Provide information about body position, movement and the extent of stretch or the force of muscular contractions

A

Proprioceptors

103
Q

fluid filled space in center of cord

A

central canal

104
Q

collection of cell bodies in CNS

A

Nuclei

105
Q

involved in digestion, urine production, and
dilation/constriction of pupils, etc.

A

parasympathetic

106
Q

controls balance,
muscle tone, coordination of fine motor movement

A

cerebellum

107
Q

function of facial

A

sensory: taste; facial expression; parasympathetic to salivary and tear glands

108
Q

base of cerebellum; continuous with central canal of spinal cord

A

fourth ventricle

109
Q

pathways in brain and spinal cord

A

ascending tracts

110
Q

made of 2-3 neurons in sequence

A

ascending tracts

111
Q

largest portion of diencephalon

A

thalamus

112
Q

Respond to extreme mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli

A

Nociceptors

113
Q

Respond to mechanical force (touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing and balance)

A

Mechanoreceptors

114
Q

lobe located at the back of the brain

A

occipital lobe

115
Q

star-shaped; most abundant; forms blood-brain barrier; regulate ions

A

astrocytes

116
Q

Respond to changes in temperature (temperature)

A

Thermoreceptors

117
Q

function of oculomotor

A

constrict pupils, thickens lens; eye muscle; upper eyelid

118
Q

Provides a protective cushion around the CNS

A

cerebrospinal fluid

119
Q

allows information to be transmitted in one neuronal pathway to diverge into 2 or more pathways

A

diverging

120
Q

it regulates cyclical motor function, respiration,
walking, chewing, arousing and maintaining
consciousness, regulates sleep-wake cycle

A

reticular formation

121
Q

Structures of Neurons

A

Dendrite, cell body, axon

122
Q

emotional and visceral response to odors

A

epithalamus

123
Q

Consists of all neurons outside brain and spinal
cord

A

peripheral nervous system

124
Q

Provide information about the external environment

A

Cutaneous receptors

125
Q

“housekeeper”

A

parasympathetic

126
Q

function of this lobe: vision

A

occipital lobe

127
Q

many dendrites and a single axon

A

multipolar

128
Q

Located between vertebra

A

spinal nerves

129
Q

Produced in choroid plexus of brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

130
Q

general sensory area

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

131
Q

Used to diagnose and determine treatment of brain disorders

A

brain waves and consciousness

132
Q

folds on cerebral cortex that increase surface area

A

gyri

133
Q

collection of cell bodies in PNS

A

Ganglion

134
Q

Originates from spinal nerves L1-S4

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

135
Q

in subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal
fluid can be removed or anesthetic inject

A

spinal block and spinal tap

136
Q

located below thalamus

A

hypothalamus

137
Q

deep indentations

A

fissure

138
Q

divisions of efferent (motor)

A
  1. autonomic
  2. somatic
139
Q

deep sleep

A

delta waves

140
Q

short term memory

A

consolidated

141
Q

intense mental activity

A

beta waves

142
Q

Explain Resting Membrane Potential

A

Potassium - Inside of cell is more (-)
Sodium - outside of cell is more (+)

143
Q

it is where cerebrospinal fluid sits

A

subarachnoid space

144
Q

controls voluntary motor functions, aggression, moods, smell

A

frontal lobe

145
Q

The means by which the brain receives information about the environment and the body

A

senses

146
Q

Project from upper motor neurons in cerebral
cortex to lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem

A

descending tracts

147
Q

located on the frontal lobe; where words are formulated

A

motor speech (bronca’s area)

148
Q

divisions of peripheral nervous system

A
  1. afferent (sensory)
  2. efferent (motor)
149
Q

fatty, protective wrapping around axons; excellent insulator

A

myelin sheath

150
Q

function of glossopharyngeal

A

sensory: taste and touch to back of tongue; pharyngeal muscles; parasympathetic to salivary glands

151
Q

function of trochlear

A

motor to one extrinsic eye muscle

152
Q

how often information is used

A

retrieval

153
Q

Fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid

154
Q

long term memory

A

storage

155
Q

divisions of cerebrum

A

right and left hemisphere

156
Q

its response is voluntary; controls skeletal muscles

A

somatic

157
Q

allows information to be transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway

A

converging

158
Q

types of special senses

A
  1. smell
  2. taste
  3. sight
  4. hearing
  5. balance
159
Q

functions of pons

A

breathing, chewing, salivation, and swallowing

160
Q

2nd layer of the meninges

A

arachnoid mater

161
Q

brief retention of sensory input received by brain while something is scanned, evaluated, and acted up

A

encoding

162
Q

contain autonomic neurons

A

lateral horns

163
Q

Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1

A

brachial plexus

164
Q

produce myelin sheath in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

165
Q

information is retained for a few seconds or min.; bits of info. (usually 7)

A

short-term memory

166
Q

Conscious awareness of the sensations

A

perception

167
Q

controls thinking, communicating, remembering, understanding, and initiates involuntary movements

A

cerebral cortex

168
Q

places or events

A

episodic memory

169
Q

collection of axons in PNS

A

nerves

170
Q

controls different types of movements

A

descending tracts

171
Q

each tract has limited type of sensory input (temp, touch, pain, etc.)

A

ascending tracts

172
Q

it is where ascending tracts project

A

primary sensory areas

173
Q

sending more blood to skeletal muscles; inhibiting digestive tract

A

sympathetic

174
Q

axons that conduct action potentials toward brain

A

ascending tracts

175
Q

Leak ion channels

A
  • always open
  • potassium channels
176
Q

location of medulla oblongata

A

continuous with spinal cord

177
Q

sensory areas of cerebral cortex in parietal lobe

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

178
Q

Respond to chemicals (smell and taste)

A

Chemoreceptors

179
Q

cavities in CNS that contain fluid

A

ventricles

180
Q

activated under normal conditions

A

parasympathetic

181
Q

controls left side of the body

A

right hemisphere

182
Q

send stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

183
Q

encoding is located in what lobe

A

temporal lobe

184
Q

responsible for music, art, abstract ideas

A

right hemisphere

185
Q

function of hypoglossal

A

motor to tongue muscles

186
Q

function of vestibulocochlear

A

hearing and balance

187
Q

types of neurons

A

multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar

188
Q

means little brain

A

cerebellum

189
Q

Innervates muscles attached to hyoid bone and neck

A

cervical plexuses

190
Q

numbs spinal nerves

A

spinal block and spinal tap

191
Q

muscle, gland, or organ

A

effector

192
Q

lasts less than a second

A

encoding

193
Q

types of visceral

A
  1. pain
  2. pressure
194
Q

involuntary response to stimulus

A

reflexes

195
Q

contain somatic neurons

A

anterior horns

196
Q

general senses located in skin, muscles, joints

A

somatic

197
Q

encoding is also called

A

sensory memory

198
Q

Categorized by region of vertebral column from
which it emerges (C for cervical)

A

spinal nerves

199
Q

pick up stimulus; in skin

A

sensory receptors

200
Q

31 pairs

A

spinal nerves

201
Q

utilizing past memories

A

learning

202
Q

prepares you for physical activity by:
- ↑ HR
- ↑ BP
- ↑ BR

A

sympathetic

203
Q

located in CNS and connect to motor neurons; process stimulus

A

interneurons (association) neuron

204
Q

tracts are named that indicated origin and
termination

A

ascending tracts

205
Q

gaps in myelin sheath where action potentials develop

A

nodes of ranvier

206
Q

help remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS; defend

A

Microglia

207
Q

receptors distributed over a large part of the body

A

general senses

208
Q

frontal lobe; where motor functions are organized before initiation

A

premotor area

209
Q

organized in 3 plexuses

A

spinal nerves

210
Q

collection of dendrites and cell bodies

A

gray matter

211
Q

Based on type of stimulus

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Thermoreceptors
  4. Photoreceptors
  5. Nociceptors
212
Q

involved with release of neurotransmitter

A

synapse

213
Q

functions of this lobe: hearing, smell, memory

A

temporal lobe

214
Q

Supply nerves to lower limbs

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

215
Q

what type of neuron does eye and nasal cavity have

A

bipolar

216
Q

connection between 2 hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

217
Q

it regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter,
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping,
coughing, sneezing, balance

A

medulla oblongata

218
Q

Characteristics of Neurons

A
  1. Nerve cells
  2. require oxygen and glucose
  3. receive input, process input, produce a response
219
Q

Division of nervous system which contains brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

220
Q

general senses located in internal organs

A

visceral

221
Q

it is scattered throughout brainstem

A

reticular formation

222
Q

can last for a few minutes or permanently

A

long-term memory

223
Q

electricity that cause depolarization and repolarization

A

action potentials

224
Q

protective wrapping around brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

225
Q

located above medulla, bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum

A

pons

226
Q

collects input from periphery and sends it to CNS

A

afferent (Sensory)

227
Q

lobe located in front of the brain

A

frontal lobe

228
Q

lobe located on the sides of the brain

A

temporal lobe

229
Q

function of optic

A

vision

230
Q

function of olfactory

A

smell

231
Q

how do you name cranial nerves

A

by roman numerals

232
Q

Division of nervous system which contains all neurons outside CNS

A

peripheral nervous system

233
Q

right and left hemisphere are separated by

A

longitudinal fissure

234
Q

spinal cord extends from foramen magnum to what vertebra?

A

2nd lumbar vertebra

235
Q

divisions of ANS

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
236
Q

jumping of action potential

A

saltatory conduction

237
Q

Contains phrenic nerve which innervates diaphragm

A

cervical plexuses

Systems (7 decks)

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