Endocrine

Question 1

What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?

Answer 1

Adrenal

Question 2

secretes hormones that are transported to target cells by blood

Answer 2

endocrine system

Question 3

causes changes in metabolic activities

Answer 3

endocrine system

Question 4

effects are prolonged

Answer 4

endocrine system

Question 5

Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by

Answer 5

negative feedback mechanism

Question 6

Name the gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple).

Answer 6

thyroid

Question 7

This hormone is responsible for “fight-or-flight” response

Answer 7

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 8

The endocrine gland responsible for the body’s circadian rhythm

Answer 8

pineal gland

Question 9

An autoimmune disease in which thyroid hormone secretion can be decreased; metabolic rate is decreased, weight gain is possible

Answer 9

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Question 10

It is due to a lack of ADH from the posterior pituitary and results in excessive urination

Answer 10

Diabetes insipidus

Question 11

It causes blood PTH levels increase above normal and elevated blood calcium levels

Answer 11

primary hyperthyroidism

Question 12

It inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon and inhibits gastric tract activity.

Answer 12

somatostatin

Question 13

It is characterized by developmental delay, short stature, and abnormally formed skeletal structures

Answer 13

cretinism

Question 14

It causes an increased metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic fatigue.

Answer 14

cretinism

Question 15

Glands of ADH

Answer 15

Pituitary gland posterior

Question 16

Glands of ACTH

Answer 16

Pituitary gland anterior

Question 17

Glands of Calcitonin

Answer 17

Thyroid gland

Question 18

Glands of Cortisol

Answer 18

Adrenal Cortex

Question 19

Glands of Epinephrine

Answer 19

Adrenal Medulla

Question 20

Glands of growth hormone

Answer 20

pituitary gland anterior

Question 21

Glands of insulin

Answer 21

pancreas

Question 22

Glands of Mineralocorticoids

Answer 22

Adrenal cortex

Question 23

Glands of Melatonin

Answer 23

Pineal gland

Question 24

Glands of oxytocin

Answer 24

pituitary gland posterior

Question 25

Glands of Prostaglandin

Answer 25

ovaries

Question 26

functions of endocrine system

Answer 26

1. controls homeostasis 2. control of food intake and digestion 3. regulation of metabolism 4. modulation of tissue development 5. regulation of ion levels 6. control of water balance 7. changes in heart rate and blood pressure 8. control of blood glucose and other nutrients 9. stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release 10. control of reproductive function 11. modulation of immunse system function

Question 27

components of endocrine system

Answer 27

endocrine glands and chemical signal

Question 28

types of chemical signal

Answer 28

intracellular and intercellular

Question 29

classes of chemical messenger

Answer 29

1. autocrine 2. paracrine 3. neurotransmitter 4. endocrine

Question 30

secrete their product directly into the blood stream

Answer 30

endocrine glands

Question 31

molecules that are released from one location , move to another location, and produce a response

Answer 31

chemical signal

Question 32

produce in one part of a cell and move to another part of same cell

Answer 32

intracellular

Question 33

released from one cell and bind to receptors on another cell

Answer 33

intercellular

Question 34

stimulates the cell that originally secreted it

Answer 34

autocrine

Question 35

ex. eicosanoids (released in redponse to inflammation)

Answer 35

autocrine

Question 36

released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity

Answer 36

paracrine

Question 37

ex. somatostatin (inhibits insulin secretion) histamine (during allergic reactions)

Answer 37

paracrine

Question 38

secreted by nerve cells to active another neuron, muscle cells, or glandular cell

Answer 38

neurotransmitter

Question 39

ex. acetylcholine and epinephrine

Answer 39

neurotransmitter

Question 40

secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells

Answer 40

endocrine

Question 41

travel through the general circulation to their target cells

Answer 41

endocrine

Question 42

ex. thyroid hormones

Answer 42

endocrine

Question 43

components of hormones

Answer 43

receptor site target tissues specificity

Question 44

location on a cell where hormone binds

Answer 44

receptor site

Question 45

group of cells that respond to specific hormones

Answer 45

target tissues

Question 46

specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites

Answer 46

specificity

Question 47

how do hormones work

Answer 47

1. hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream 2. hormones travel to all parts of the body 3. hormones bind to receptor sites on target tissue 4. response occurs

Question 48

how do hormones cause change

Answer 48

1. increasing or decreasing cell's normal processes 2. change permeability of cell membrane by opening or closing ion channels 3. synthesis of proteins

Question 49

target tissue of glucagon

Answer 49

liver

Question 50

functions of glucagon

Answer 50

1. regulation of blood glucose level 2. between meal, glucose level drops, and glucagon is secreted 3. glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose

Question 51

glands of thymosin

Answer 51

thymus glands

Question 52

glands of estrogen

Answer 52

ovaries

Question 53

glands of progesterone

Answer 53

ovaries

Question 54

functions of estrogen/ progesterone

Answer 54

involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle

Question 55

target tissues of thymosin

Answer 55

immune system tissues

Question 56

functions of thymosin

Answer 56

promotes immune system development and function

Question 57

target tissues of melatonin

Answer 57

hypothalamus

Question 58

functions of melatonin

Answer 58

onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms light affects its function

Question 59

2 regions of adrenal glands

Answer 59

medulla and cortex

Question 60

target tissues of epinephrine/norepinephrine

Answer 60

heart, blood vessel, liver, fat cell

Question 61

epinephrine/norepinephrine is found in

Answer 61

adrenal medulla

Question 62

functions of epinephrine/norepinephrine

Answer 62

released as part of fight or flight response

Question 63

aldosterone is found in

Answer 63

adrenal cortex

Question 64

type of mineralocorticoids

Answer 64

aldosterone

Question 65

target tissues of aldosterone

Answer 65

kidneys

Question 66

functions of aldosterone

Answer 66

causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume

Question 67

type of glucocorticoids

Answer 67

cortisol

Question 68

functions of cortisol

Answer 68

increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses reduces inflammatory and immune responses

Question 69

functions of androgens

Answer 69

male: secondary sexual characteristics female: sex drive

Question 70

organ in abdomen

Answer 70

pancreas

Question 71

insulin is found in

Answer 71

pancreas

Question 72

insulin is found in

Answer 72

pancreas

Question 73

target tissues of insulin

Answer 73

liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

Question 74

functions of insulin

Answer 74

regulares blood glucose level extra glucose is stored in the form of glycogen

Question 75

causes of diabetes mellitus

Answer 75

too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors

Question 76

symptoms of diabetes mellitus

Answer 76

exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, and fatigue

Question 77

insulin dependent (daily injections required)

Answer 77

type 1

Question 78

insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated with diet but can turn into type 1

Answer 78

type II