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Systems > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?

A

Adrenal

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2
Q

secretes hormones that are transported to target cells by blood

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

causes changes in metabolic activities

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

effects are prolonged

A

endocrine system

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5
Q

Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by

A

negative feedback mechanism

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6
Q

Name the gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple).

A

thyroid

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7
Q

This hormone is responsible for “fight-or-flight” response

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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8
Q

The endocrine gland responsible for the body’s circadian rhythm

A

pineal gland

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9
Q

An autoimmune disease in which thyroid hormone secretion can be decreased; metabolic rate is decreased, weight gain is possible

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

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10
Q

It is due to a lack of ADH from the posterior pituitary and results in excessive urination

A

Diabetes insipidus

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11
Q

It causes blood PTH levels increase above normal and elevated blood calcium levels

A

primary hyperthyroidism

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12
Q

It inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon and inhibits gastric tract activity.

A

somatostatin

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13
Q

It is characterized by developmental delay, short stature, and abnormally formed skeletal structures

A

cretinism

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14
Q

It causes an increased metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic fatigue.

A

cretinism

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15
Q

Glands of ADH

A

Pituitary gland posterior

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16
Q

Glands of ACTH

A

Pituitary gland anterior

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17
Q

Glands of Calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland

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18
Q

Glands of Cortisol

A

Adrenal Cortex

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19
Q

Glands of Epinephrine

A

Adrenal Medulla

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20
Q

Glands of growth hormone

A

pituitary gland anterior

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21
Q

Glands of insulin

A

pancreas

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22
Q

Glands of Mineralocorticoids

A

Adrenal cortex

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23
Q

Glands of Melatonin

A

Pineal gland

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24
Q

Glands of oxytocin

A

pituitary gland posterior

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25
Q

Glands of Prostaglandin

A

ovaries

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26
Q

functions of endocrine system

A
  1. controls homeostasis
  2. control of food intake and digestion
  3. regulation of metabolism
  4. modulation of tissue development
  5. regulation of ion levels
  6. control of water balance
  7. changes in heart rate and blood pressure
  8. control of blood glucose and other nutrients
  9. stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release
  10. control of reproductive function
  11. modulation of immunse system function
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27
Q

components of endocrine system

A

endocrine glands and chemical signal

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28
Q

types of chemical signal

A

intracellular and intercellular

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29
Q

classes of chemical messenger

A
  1. autocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. neurotransmitter
  4. endocrine
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30
Q

secrete their product directly into the blood stream

A

endocrine glands

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31
Q

molecules that are released from one location , move to another location, and produce a response

A

chemical signal

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32
Q

produce in one part of a cell and move to another part of same cell

A

intracellular

33
Q

released from one cell and bind to receptors on another cell

A

intercellular

34
Q

stimulates the cell that originally secreted it

A

autocrine

35
Q

ex. eicosanoids (released in redponse to inflammation)

A

autocrine

36
Q

released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity

A

paracrine

37
Q

ex.
somatostatin (inhibits insulin secretion)
histamine (during allergic reactions)

A

paracrine

38
Q

secreted by nerve cells to active another neuron, muscle cells, or glandular cell

A

neurotransmitter

39
Q

ex. acetylcholine and epinephrine

A

neurotransmitter

40
Q

secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells

A

endocrine

41
Q

travel through the general circulation to their target cells

A

endocrine

42
Q

ex. thyroid hormones

A

endocrine

43
Q

components of hormones

A

receptor site
target tissues
specificity

44
Q

location on a cell where hormone binds

A

receptor site

45
Q

group of cells that respond to specific hormones

A

target tissues

46
Q

specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites

A

specificity

47
Q

how do hormones work

A
  1. hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream
  2. hormones travel to all parts of the body
  3. hormones bind to receptor sites on target tissue
  4. response occurs
48
Q

how do hormones cause change

A
  1. increasing or decreasing cell’s normal processes
  2. change permeability of cell membrane by opening or closing ion channels
  3. synthesis of proteins
49
Q

target tissue of glucagon

A

liver

50
Q

functions of glucagon

A
  1. regulation of blood glucose level
  2. between meal, glucose level drops, and glucagon is secreted
  3. glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose
51
Q

glands of thymosin

A

thymus glands

52
Q

glands of estrogen

A

ovaries

53
Q

glands of progesterone

A

ovaries

54
Q

functions of estrogen/ progesterone

A

involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle

55
Q

target tissues of thymosin

A

immune system tissues

56
Q

functions of thymosin

A

promotes immune system development and function

57
Q

target tissues of melatonin

A

hypothalamus

58
Q

functions of melatonin

A

onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms
light affects its function

59
Q

2 regions of adrenal glands

A

medulla and cortex

60
Q

target tissues of epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

heart, blood vessel, liver, fat cell

61
Q

epinephrine/norepinephrine is found in

A

adrenal medulla

62
Q

functions of epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

released as part of fight or flight response

63
Q

aldosterone is found in

A

adrenal cortex

64
Q

type of mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

65
Q

target tissues of aldosterone

A

kidneys

66
Q

functions of aldosterone

A

causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume

67
Q

type of glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

68
Q

functions of cortisol

A

increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses
reduces inflammatory and immune responses

69
Q

functions of androgens

A

male: secondary sexual characteristics
female: sex drive

70
Q

organ in abdomen

A

pancreas

71
Q

insulin is found in

A

pancreas

72
Q

insulin is found in

A

pancreas

73
Q

target tissues of insulin

A

liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

74
Q

functions of insulin

A

regulares blood glucose level
extra glucose is stored in the form of glycogen

75
Q

causes of diabetes mellitus

A

too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors

76
Q

symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, and fatigue

77
Q

insulin dependent (daily injections required)

A

type 1

78
Q

insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated with diet but can turn into type 1

A

type II

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