Muscular Flashcards
1
Q
The muscle plasma membrane in the area of the junction.
A
Postsynaptic membrane
2
Q
Located beneath the gluteus maximus.
A
gluteus medius
3
Q
Covers the anterolateral neck.
A
platysma
4
Q
Sacs that contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
A
Synaptic vesicles
5
Q
Action: flex the spine laterally and Extends the lumbar spine
A
quadratus lumborum
6
Q
it is a loose connective tissue serving as passageways for blood vessels and nerves that supply each fascicle
A
perimysium
7
Q
voluntary muscle and constitutes about 40% of the body’s weight
A
skeletal muscle
8
Q
Action: the prime mover of arm
A
deltoid
9
Q
compresses base of penis or clitoris
A
ischiocavernosus
10
Q
Serves as passageways for nerve fibers and blood vessels that supply each separate muscle fiber.
A
endomysium
11
Q
attached to bones
A
skeletal muscle
12
Q
AKA “Prayer” muscle
A
sternocleidomastoid
13
Q
Similarly to convergent muscles, have fascicles that are organized parallel to the long axis of the muscle, but they terminate on a flat tendon that spans the width of the entire muscle.
A
parallel muscles
14
Q
round-shaped muscle
A
teres
15
Q
Forms a connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle.
A
epimysium
16
Q
E.g. Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical (not illustrated)
A
intrinsic muscle
17
Q
AKA the “smiling” muscle.
A
Zygomaticus
18
Q
Covers the angle of the lower jaw.
A
masseter
19
Q
Compress the abdominal content
A
transverse abdominis
20
Q
a muscle located in the arm
A
brachial (arm) muscle
21
Q
Runs from the zygomatic process of the mandible to the mandible.
A
masseter
22
Q
Action: Flexing the neck (bowing) and Tilting of the head
A
sternocleidomastoid
23
Q
Action:
Flex the vertebral column,
compresses center of abdomen, Involve in breathing
A
rectus abdominis
24
Q
attach muscle to the bones
A
tendons or aponeuroses
25
Action: prime mover of hip flexion; keep the upper body from failing backward
iliopsoas
26
E.g. Digastric
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
suprahyoid group
27
Action: acts to adduct and flex the arms
pectoralis major
28
triangular-shaped muscle
deltoid
29
action: sneering
levator labii superioris
30
E.g. Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
infrahyoid group
31
ability to shorten
contractility
32
Found entirely within the tongue
intrinsic muscle
33
long muscle
longus
34
Action: Plantar flexion and everts the foot
fibularis muscles
35
Are chains of tiny contractual units forming the myofibrils.
sarcomeres
36
composed of two muscles: iliacus and psoas
iliopsoas
37
The layer of connective tissue between adjacent muscles and between muscles and the skin
muscular fascia
38
number of nucleus in muscle fibers
multinucleated (many nuclei)
39
it is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as stomach and uterus, and tubes, such as blood vessels and ducts of certain glands
smooth muscle
40
moves during quiet breathing
diaphragm
41
Action: extends and adducts the humerus.
latissimus dorsi
42
Are those whose fascicles run the length of the entire muscle and taper at each end to terminate at tendons.
Fusiform muscles
43
a muscle that has three heads (origins).
triceps
44
types of pennate patterns
1. unipennate muscle
2. bipennate muscle
3. multipennate muscle
45
Covers the lower back.
latissimus dorsi
46
functional properties of the muscle
1. contractility
2. extensibility
3. excitability
4. elasticity
47
Action:
Prime mover of the forearm.
Lifts the radius.
biceps brachii
48
Action: elevate ribs for inspiration.
External intercostals
49
Function: Close the jaw by elevating the mandible
masseter
50
thin myofilament
actin
51
Have their fascicles arranged in a circular around an opening and act as sphincters (constrictors) to close the opening.
circular muscles
52
Span the entire length of the vertebral column
erector spine
53
a muscle located in the buttock
gluteus (buttock) muscle
54
Covers the posterior aspect of the skull
occipitalis
55
Deep muscles. Found between the ribs.
Intercostal muscle
56
Is a delicate layer of connective tissue that separates the individual muscle fibers within each fascicle.
endomysium
57
Action includes pulling of the scalp posteriorly
occipitalis
58
Between ribs
Action: Elevates ribs
serratus anterior
59
examples of myofilament
actin and myosin
60
this muscle has a wider belly than the ends of the muscle.
fusiform muscles
61
plasma membrane of muscle cells
sarcolemma
62
Have fascicles that join at one common tendon from a wide area, which creates muscles that are triangular in shape.
convergent muscles
63
Deepest muscle of the abdominal wall
transverse abdominis
64
The biceps brachii, which flexes the forearm, is an example of this muscle
fusiform muscles
65
also known as the "kissing" muscle
orbicularis oris
66
Extends from the corner of the mouth to the cheekbone.
Zygomaticus
67
proteins that make up myofibrils
myofilament
68
Long thread like extension of the neuron.
Axon or nerve fiber
69
Most superficial muscle of the neck and upper trunk.
Trapezius
70
Function:
Help change the shape of the tongue.
Movement of the tongue.
extrinsic muscle
71
Covers the frontal bone.
frontalis
72
Runs from cranial aponeurosis to the skin of the eyebrows.
frontalis
73
involuntary and its contractions provide the majority force for moving blood through the circulatory system
cardiac muscle
74
keeps orifice of anal canal closed
external anal sphincter
75
Function: Acts as synergist to the masseter in closing the jaw.
temporalis
76
resemble 2 strands of pearls
actin
77
three connective tissue layers of the skeletal muscle
1. epimysium
2. perimysium
3. endomysium
78
Consist of three columns
- Longissimus
- Iliocostalis
- Spinalis
erector spine
79
Shoulder; Triangular-shaped muscle that forms the rounded shape of the shoulder
Deltoid
80
Consists of delicate filaments that hold the myosin myofilaments in place
M line
81
Action: Flex the vertebral column; Rotate the trunk and bend it laterally; Compresses abdomen.
external abdominal oblique
82
Paired strap-like abdominal muscle
rectus abdominis
83
causes crow's feet
orbicularis oculi
84
Found outside of the tongue but attached to it.
extrinsic muscle
85
One neuron and all the skeletal muscle it stimulate.
Motor unit
86
Subdivides each whole muscle into numerous, visible bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles.
perimysium
87
Muscles have fascicles that emerge like the barbs on a feather from a common tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle.
pennate
88
a connective tissue coverings that has a layer of dense irregular connective tissue
epimysium
89
front of thigh; extends knee and flexes hip
rectus femoris
90
locomotion, facial expressions, posture, respiratory function, speech, and other body movements are due to the contraction of what muscle
skeletal muscle
91
tube-like inward folds of the sarcolemma
transverse tubules or T tubules
92
Action includes closing of the mouth and protrusion of the lips
orbicularis oris
93
a muscle located in the chest
pectoralis (chest) muscle
94
short muscle
brevis
95
action: looking to the side
lateral rectus
96
Front of lower leg
Action: Dorsiflexion and Invertion of foot
tibialis anterior
97
a darker area in the midline of the light (I) band
Z disk
98
respond to stimulus
excitability
99
muscle that cause adduction
adductors
100
Action: Raise the corner of the mouth upward
Zygomaticus
101
Fan shaped muscle overlying the temporal bone and inserts into the mandible
temporalis
102
muscle that cause abduction
abductors
103
muscles that surround the mouth
orbicularis oris
104
Dark line in the middle of the H zone.
M line
105
type of pennate pattern where the fascicles are on one side of the tendon.
unipennate muscle
106
pronates forearm
pronator teres
107
supports pelvic floor
transverse perinei (deep)
108
4 thigh muscles
quadriceps femoris
109
fixes central tendon
transverse perinei (superficial)
110
Action: depress ribs during forced expiration.
Internal intercostal
111
Action:
Flattens the cheeks.
Also help in chewing.
Compress the cheeks to hold food
buccinator
112
resemble golf clubs
myosin
113
Chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle fiber.
Ex. Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter
114
Two headed muscle.
sternocleidomastoid
115
Electrical signals that stimulate muscle fiber action potentials followed by muscle contraction
Action potential
116
rectangular-shaped muscle
quadratus
117
Alternate along the length of the perfectly aligned Myofibrils giving the muscle cell its striated appearance
Light (I) Bands and Dark (A) Bands
118
cytoplasm of muscle cell
sarcoplasm
119
Lies deep within the biceps
Action: Flexes elbow
Lifts the Ulna
brachialis
120
large muscle
maximus
121
A lighter central area along the dark (A) band.
H zone
122
Action:
Elevates anus
supports pelvic viscera
Levator ani
123
can stretch
extensibility
124
Paired muscles; Deep to the external obliques; Sides of abdomen; Action: Same as external obliques
internal abdominal oblique
125
thick myofilament
myosin
126
extends knee
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
127
Action: Pulls the corner of the mouth inferiorly.
platysma
128
Inferior to the hyoid bone
infrahyoid group
129
Actions:
Hip abduction
Important in steadying the pelvis when walking.
gluteus medius
130
fibularis muscles
1. longus
2. brevis
3. tertius
131
Action: Elevation, depression, adduction, and stabilization of the scapula.
Trapezius
132
Posterior humerus; “Boxer’s” muscle; 3 heads
triceps brachii
133
Action includes raising of the eyebrows and wrinkling of the forehead
frontalis
134
E.g. Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus
extrinsic muscle
135
type of pennate pattern where the fascicles are arranged at many places around the central tendon.
multipennate muscle
136
action: looking toward the nose
medial rectus
137
Point of contact of motor neuron axon branches with the muscle fiber.
Neuromuscular junction or synapse
138
Muscle Shapes
1. Circular muscles
2. Convergent muscles
3. Parallel muscles
4. Fusiform muscles
5. Pennate
139
Forms part of the abdominal wall
quadratus lumborum
140
most superficial abdominal muscle
rectus abdominis
141
Paired muscles; Superficial; Sides of abdomen
external abdominal oblique
142
Superior to the hyoid bone
suprahyoid group
143
run in circles around the eyes
orbicularis oculi
144
moves a structure toward the midline
adduction
145
moves a structure away from the midline
abduction
146
Small muscle located at the posterior end of the cranial aponeurosis.
occipitalis
147
muscle that surround the eyes
orbicularis oculi
148
Function: Involved in changing the shape of the tongue.
intrinsic muscle
149
functions of the muscle
1. movement of the body
2. maintenance of posture
3. production of body heat
4. communication
5. constriction of organs and vessels
6. contraction of the heart
150
small muscle
minimus
151
constricts urethra; erects penis; erects clitoris
bulbospongiosus
152
long ribbon-like organelles that nearly fills the sarcoplasm
myofibrils
153
it surrounds the myofibrils
sarcoplasmic reticulum
154
Lateral to the tibialis
Action: Prime mover of toe extension; Dorsiflexion of foot
extensor digitorum longus
155
it has muscle fascicles running in the same direction as the structure with which the muscle is associated.
rectus (straight, parallel) muscle
156
Anterior humerus; “Flexing muscle”; Two heads
biceps brachii
157
action: looking down
inferior rectus
158
it originates in the arm (brachium) and inserts onto the radius.
brachioradialis
159
can recoil
elasticity
160
The gap between the presynaptic terminals and muscle cells.
Synaptic cleft
161
One example of this muscle with many long fibers is the pectoralis muscles of the chest.
convergent muscles
162
AKA “Toe dancer” muscle
gastrocnemius
163
action includes raising of the upper lids
levator palpebrae superioris
164
Contains the myofilaments (actin and myosin - arrangement produce banding patterns).
sarcomeres
165
pronates forearm
pronator quadratus
166
involuntary muscle and is the most widely distributed type of muscle in the body
smooth muscle
167
releases calcium when muscle are stimulated to contract
sarcoplasmic reticulum
168
circular muscle of the lips
orbicularis oris
169
Aligned end to end like tiny box cars in a train.
sarcomeres
170
Branches of axon that forms junction with the sarcolemma of muscle cells.
Presynaptic terminals
171
a muscle that has two heads (origins)
biceps
172
it refers to skeletal muscle cells
muscle fibers
173
Posterior thigh.
(1) Biceps femoris
(2) Semimembranosus
(3) Semitendinosus
hamstring group
174
Actions:
Not very important in walking.
Important muscle for extending the hip when power is needed.
Climbing the stairs
Jumping
gluteus maximus
175
Action: Thigh extension; Knee flexion
hamstring group
176
Fleshy muscle that runs horizontally across the cheek and insert into orbicularis oris.
buccinator
177
it stores calcium
sarcoplasmic reticulum
178
action includes closing of the eyes, squinting, blinking, and winking
orbicularis oculi
179
it has its origin on the sternum and clavicle and its insertion on the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
sternocleidomastoid
180
Action: Adducts thigh and flexes knee
Gracilis
181
bundle of muscle fibers
muscle fasciculus or fascicles
182
Actions: Back Erectors
Bending over
erector spine
183
action: looking up
superior rectus
184
action includes production of vertical corrugations (furrows) in the skin between the eyes
corrugator supercilii
185
These outer layers of connective tissue keep the muscles separate from surrounding tissues and organs
muscular fascia
186
type of pennate pattern where the fascicles are arranged on two sides of the tendon.
bipennate muscle
187
Merge with the muscular fascia
epimysium
188
Action: extends elbow
triceps brachii
189
Superficial muscle; Powerful hip extensor that acts to bring thighs in a straight line with the pelvis.
gluteus maximus
190
attaches to ankle, action: flexes foot
soleus
191
Examples of this muscles are those that surround the eyes the mouth
circular muscle
192
it has muscle fascicles lying at an angle to the length of the structure
oblique muscle
193
muscle that is found only in the heart
cardiac muscle
194
Calf; Two-bellied muscle
Action: Flexes foot and leg
gastrocnemius
195
Simplest of all the types of movement
Gliding Movements
196
These movements occur in plane joints between two flat or nearly flat surfaces that slide or glide over each other.
Gliding Movements
197
These joints often allow only slight movement, as occurs between carpal bones.
Gliding Movements
198
a movement involves changes in the angle between the bones at the joint.
angular movement
199
The most common angular movements
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
200
bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together
flexion
201
straightening movement that increases the angle
of the joint to straighten the articulating bones.
extension
202
usually defined as extension of a joint beyond the anatomical position (180 degrees).
hyperextension
203
can be a normal movement, such as the movement of the neck when looking up at the stars, but it can also result in injury.
hyperextension
203
- to take away
- is movement away from the midline
abduction
204
- to bring together
- is movement toward the midline
adduction
205
involve rotation around an axis in a circular pattern or an arc.
circular movement
206
the turning of a structure around its long axis, as in rotating the head to shake the head “no” or rotating the arm or the entire body
rotation
207
rotation of the humerus that brings the hand toward the body.
medial rotation
208
rotation of the humerus that brings the hand away from the body.
lateral rotation
209
refers to the unique rotation of the forearm
pronation and supination
210
is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly in relation to the anatomical position.
pronation
211
is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly in relation to the anatomical position
supination
212
is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly in relation to the anatomical position
supination
213
It occurs at freely movable joints, such as the shoulder.
circumduction
214
moves a structure superiorly
elevation
215
moves a structure inferiorly
depression
216
is a gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction.
protraction
217
is a gliding motion that moves a structure in a posterior direction
retraction
218
is moving the mandible to either the right or the left of the midline, as occurs when grinding the teeth or chewing
lateral excursion
219
returns the mandible to the midline position
medial excursion
220
is a movement unique to the thumb. It occurs when the thumb and the tip of a finger on the same hand are brought toward each other across the palm
opposition
221
returns the thumb to the neutral, anatomical position
reposition
222
turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the opposite foot, with the weight on the outside edge of the foot (rolling out).
inversion
223
turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally, with the weight on the inside edge of the foot
eversion
224
the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint
range of motion
225
the amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles that normally act across a joint
active range of motion
226
the amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by an outside force, as when a therapist holds on to a patient’s forearm and moves it toward the arm, flexing the elbow joint
passive range of motion
227
occurs when the articulating surfaces of the bones are moved out of proper alignment
dislocation or luxation
228
partial dislocation
subluxation
229
often accompanied by painful damage to the supporting ligaments and articular cartilage
dislocation
230
occurs when ligaments are damaged
sprain
231
often result in inflammation, swelling, and pain
sprain
