Nervous 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which cranial fossa does the brainstem lie in?
A
Foramen magnum
2
Q
What cavity of the ventricular system that lie within the brainstem?
A
Ventricle IV
3
Q
What is A?
A
Pons
4
Q
What is B?
A
Pontomedullary junction
5
Q
What is C?
A
Medulla
6
Q
What cranial nerves can you see emerging from the pontomedullar junction?
A
CV VI
CN VII
CN VIII
7
Q
What cranial nerve emerges from the pontomedullary junction and has the longest course?
A
Facial nerve (CN VII)
8
Q
What is D?
A
CN VI
9
Q
What is E?
A
VII/VIII
10
Q
The long course course of CN VII makes it vulnerable to what?
A
Injury by increased cranial pressure or other mechnical factors
Consequences of this nerve being damaged is Bell’s palsy
11
Q
What is A?
A
Pyramid
12
Q
What is B?
A
Anterior fissure
13
Q
What is C?
A
Ventero-lateral sulcus
14
Q
What is D?
A
Postero-lateral sulcus
15
Q
What is E?
A
Decussation of pyramids
16
Q
What is F?
A
Olive
17
Q
What is G?
A
Pons
18
Q
What produces the pyramids?
A
Corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
19
Q
Where does the corticospinal tract run between?
A
From cerebral cortex to spinal cord
20
Q
Where does the corticobulbar tract run between?
A
From motor cortex in front lobe to CN in brainstem
21
Q
What produces the decissation of the pyramids?
A
Corticospinal tracts crossing
22
Q
What forms the olives?
A
Inferior olivary nucleus
23
Q
Posteriorly on the medulla, some parts can be identified as “open” and some as “closed”, which is more superior?
A
Open is superior
Closed in inferior
24
Q
What structure does the “open” part of the medulla open into?
A
Ventricle IV
25
Through which structure does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord?
Foramen magnum
26
What is A?
Midbrain
27
What is B?
Pons
28
What is C?
Medulla
29
What is D?
Spinal cord
30
What is E?
Trigeminal nerve
31
What is A. B and C?
A - supperior cerebellar peduncle
B - middle cerebellar peduncle
C - inferior cerebellar peduncle
32
What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?
Ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
33
What is immediately superior to the midbrian?
Diencephalon
34
What is immediately posterior to the cerebellum?
Pons
35
What kinds of fibres make up the cerebellar peduncles?
Ascending sensory and descending motor
36
What is A?
Cerebral peduncles of midbrain
37
What is B?
Superior colliculus
38
What is C?
Inferior colliculus
39
What is D?
Superior cerebellar peduncle (fibres that run from midbrain to cerebellum)
40
The cerebral peduncles are made up of what?
Ascending sensory and descending motor fibres
41
The superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles connects what to what?
Superior - cerebellum to midbrain
Middle - cerebellum to pons
Inferior - cerebellum to medulla
42
The diencephalon is made up of what?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
43
What two parts of the brian does the diencephalon lie between?
Cerebrum and brainstem
44
What are the surface projections visible on the hypothalamus called?
Optic chiasm
Pituitary stalk
Mammillary bodies
45
What is A?
Interpedunicular fossa
46
What is B?
Cerebral peduncle
47
What is C?
Mamillary body
48
What is D?
Optic chiasm
49
What is E?
Optic nerve
50
What is F?
Optic tract
51
What is G?
Uncus
52
What is H?
Pons
53
What is I?
Medulla oblongata
54
What is K?
Pyramid
55
What is L?
Olive
56
What is the midline structure seperating the two cerebellar hemispheres?
Vermis
57
What is A?
Vermis
58
What is B?
Anterior lobe
59
What is C?
Posterior lobe
60
What is D?
Flocculonodular lobe
61
To what parts of the brain is the cerebrum connected to by peduncles?
Midbrain (by superior peduncle)
Pons (by middle peduncle)
Medulla (by inferior peduncle)
62
What is the name given to the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebrum?
Ventricle IV
63
What is the cranial fossa called that the cerebellum is in contact with?
64
What foramen of the skull does the cerebellum sit above?
Foramen magnum
65
What is the part of the cerebellum called that sites above the foramen magnum?
Cerebellar tonsils
66
What is it called when the tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum?
Cerebellar coning
67
What fissure seperates the two cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
68
What type of nerve fibres are most likely to be carried in the corpus collosum?
Commissural fibres
69
What are the different types of nerve fibres?
Association
Commissural
Projection
70
What does the cerebrum sit on?
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posteriorly, the tentorium cerebelli
71
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
Fold of dura mater which covers over the cerebellum
72
What is the fold of dura mater that covers over the cerebellum called?
Tentorium cerebelli
73
What lobe contains the primary motor cortex?
Frontal lobe
74
What lobe contains the primary visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
75
What lobe contains the primary sensory cortex?
Parietal lobe
76
What lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?
Temporal lobe
77
What is A?
Postcentral gyrus
78
What is B?
Occipital lobe
79
What is C?
Transverse fissure
80
What is D?
Cerebellum
81
What is E?
Medulla
82
What is F?
Pons
83
What is G?
Lateral sulcus
84
What is H?
Temporal lobe
85
What is I?
Frontal pole
86
What is J?
Frontal lobe
87
What is K?
Precentral gyrys
88
What is L?
Central sulcus
89
What is M?
Parietal lobe
90
What is N?
Septum pellucidum
91
What is O?
Hypothalamus
92
What is P?
Pons
93
What is Q?
Midbrain
94
What is R?
Medulla
95
What is S?
Cerebellum
96
What is T?
4th ventricle
97
What is U?
Cerebral aquaduct
98
What is V?
Thalamus
99
What is W?
Choroid plexus
100
What is X?
Corpus collosum
101
What is A?
Inferior frontal sulcus
102
What is B?
Superior frontal sulcus
103
What is C?
Pre-central sulcus
104
What is D?
Central sulcus
105
What is E?
Post-central sulcus
106
What is F?
Marginal sucus
107
What is G?
Inter-parietal sulcus
108
What is H?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
109
What is I?
Lateral occpital sulcus
110
What is J?
Pre-occipital notch
111
What is K?
Inferior-temporal sulcus
112
What is L?
Superior temporal sulcus
113
What is M?
Lateral sulcus
114
What is N?
Ascending ramus
115
What is O?
Anterior ramus
116
What part of vertebrae is removed to expose spinal cord?
Spinous process
117
What muscle might be encountered when removing spinous processes to expose spinal cord?
Erector spinae
118
What ligaments might be encountered when removing spinous processes to expose spinal cord?
Ligamentum flavin
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
119
What other structures apart from the spinal cord and meninges lie in the spinal canal?
Blood vessels and nerves
120
Where does the spinal cord end in adults and children?
Children - between L2/L3
Adult - between L1/L2 (called conus medallis)
121
At what vertebra level does the dura mater terminate in children and adults?
Children - S3
Adults - S2
122
What vertebrae level does the arachnoid mater end at?
S2
123
What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?
Extends as filum terminate
124
What vertebral level is a LP done?
L4/L5
125
How would you position a patient for a lumbar puncture to gain access to the lumbar cistern?
Spinal flexion to open space between vertebrae
126
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
127
What are lesions to spinal nerve called?
LMN lesions
128
What are lesions to the spinal cord called?
UMN lesions
129
Is damage to the cauda equina classified as UMN or LMN lesion?
LMN lesion
130
What are UMN and LMN lesions characterised by?
UMN - spasticity, increased muscle tone and complex sensory syndromes
LMN - flaccid paralysis, global sensory change
