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ICT > nerves and muscle histology > Flashcards

nerves and muscle histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle cells

A

striated/skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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2
Q

what is another way to describe skeletal muscles

A

striated

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3
Q

describe skeletal/striated muscles

A

allows us to speak, move, swallow
stripy
parallel + regular stripes
cells = singly unit, no branching, nuclei at sides
each fibre = single cell/muscle fibre
many nuclei in fibre
fused to form 1 cell + multiple nuclei syncytium

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4
Q

what are t tubules

A

little channels
continuous
with pits

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5
Q

what is a repeating unit known as

A

sarcomere

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6
Q

what points show a contractile unit

A

Z disc to Z disc

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7
Q

I band is made from ….

A

actin

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8
Q

A band is made from ….

A

mysoin

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9
Q

describe smooth muscles

A

dilate = relaxes
constrict = contract
involuntary
spindle shape
cigar shaped
single cells, single nuclei
indistinct cell membrane
no striations
no distinct SER
dense bodies = z discs
- move inwards to make whole cell shrink

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10
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain
spinal cord
neural parts of the eye

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10
Q

describe bipolar neurons

A

dendrites merge as one
sensory neurones of the retina, olfactory mucosa, inner ear
special sensory systems = single dendrite from the soma opposite the axonal pole
special sensation = smell

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10
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

peripheral ganglia
nerves

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11
Q

what are the 4 types of neurones

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar/psuedounipolar
anaxonic

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11
Q

describe multipolar neurons

A

dendrites meet the body separately
all motor neurons
-CNA interneurons
-extensive dendritic tree

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12
Q

describe unipolar/psuedounipolar neurons

A

short stem inserts both afferent/peripheral and efferent/central pathways into the body, transmit general sensation
all other sensory neurones
general sensation = touch, hot/cold, pain

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13
Q

describe anaxonic neurons

A

dendrites only present
in CNS - don’t produce action potential
regulate local electrical charges of adjacent neurons

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14
Q

what is the synapse

A

region where the message is delayed from one neuron to the next structure that follows

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15
Q

describe the synapse

A

where the message is delayed
consists of pre/post synaptic terminals with intervening synaptic cleft neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles released + act - into synaptic cleft

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16
Q

what is the function of satellite cells

A

electrically insulate PNS cell bodies
regulated nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in ganglia

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17
Q

what are the segments of internodes called in the axon that cause is to be separated

A

nodes of ranvier

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18
Q

what is another name for unipolar neurons

A

pseudounipolar

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19
Q

what is the function of schwann cells

A

surround and insulate PNS axons and myelinate those with large diameters
allows for faster action potential - propagation along axon in PNS

20
Q

what is another name for schwann cells

A

neurolemmocyte

21
Q

where are cardiac muscles found

A

muscle

22
Q

smooth muscles are …. and ….

A

involuntary
visceral

23
Q

thickness of the myelin sheath is proportional to …..

A

the diameter of the axon

24
Q

a bands are … ….

A

dark stripes

25
Q

i band is … …

A

light stripes

26
Q

z discs are in the middle of the … ….

A

i band

27
Q

a band is always the same …. in the ….

A

length
sacromere

28
Q

the z band doesn’t change …..

A

length
-anchors

29
Q

what are satellite cells involved in

A

muscle damage repair

30
Q

what are cardiac muscles used for

A

heart to pump involuntary

31
Q

describe cardiac muscles

A

striations
more haphazard arrangement = less striated than skeletal
branches
darker pink, thicker, more obvious lines
cell periphery in the middle
single, separated by dark pink walls = INTERCALATED DISCS

32
Q

what are the dark pink walls known as in cardiac muscles

A

intercalated discs

33
Q

what is the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscles

A

cardiac = central nuclei not peripheral
cardiac = no triads - DIADS instead
cardiac myofibrils - branched
skeletal myofibrils - cylindrical
cardiac = less pronounced sarcoplasm
intercalated discs in cardiac

34
Q

longer node = longer …. distance

A

internode

35
Q

nerve fibre is the main structure in ….. nerves

A

peripheral

36
Q

neurons in both the PNS and CNS

A
  • body (stoma) - 2 important substances (nissl = rough endoplasmic reticulum - form cluster, like granules in staining) - contains nucleus
  • dendrites - transmission
  • axon - single, terminal portion has branches, each has a synaptic ending
  • cell bodies can also receive info
37
Q

what does epinerium do

A

covers the entire nerve

38
Q

what does perineurum do

A

separates the nerve into fascicle and consists of neuroepithelial perineuriral cells

39
Q

what does endoneurium surround

A

the individual axons and their associated schwann cells

40
Q

what are ganglion

A

collection of nueronal bodies of somata

41
Q

what does the microgial act as

A

macrophage of the cell

42
Q

what is the difference between schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

A

S = PNS
O = CNS

43
Q

what is a motor unit

A

motor neurone and the muscle fibres that it supplies

44
Q

what does a nerve fibre consist of

A

consists of axons, myelin sheath + shwann cells

45
Q

what do oligodendrocytes form

A

the myelin sheath

46
Q

what is the connective tissue sheaths that group nerve fibres into fascicles called

A

perineurium

47
Q

nerve fibre - full

A

consists of axons, myelin sheath and shwann cell

grouped into fasicles by connective tissue sheaths - perineurium

  • formed by perineurim cells
  • fascicle contains both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres
  • in turn are surrounded by basal lamina - network of fine reticular fibres to form the endoneurium
  • epinerurim covers the entire nerve
  • perineurum separates n=the nerve into fascicle and consists of neuroeptihelial perineuiral cells
  • endoneurium surrounds individual axons and their associated schwann cells
48
Q

what does the fascicle contain

A

myelinated + unmyelinated nerve fibres

49
Q

what are the 4 types of neurons define by

A

the location/presence of axons

50
Q

myelinated cells have …. around them

A

rings

ICT (13 decks)

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