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Histology Unit 2 > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two anatomical classifications can we make of the nervous sytem

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
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2
Q

What are the two functional classifications we can make of the nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System
  2. Autonomic Nervous System
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3
Q

What are the two classifications within the PNS?

A
  1. Afferent
  2. Efferent
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4
Q

What are the two classification of the efferent nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Autonomic
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5
Q

What are the two classifications of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
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6
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

To recieve information both external and internal

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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8
Q

What does a neruon do?

A

Recieves, integrates, and transmits stimuli

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9
Q

What are neruoglia?

A

Supporting cells

Nonconducting cells closlty associated with neurons

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10
Q

What does the vasculature provide?

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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11
Q

How many neurons do we have?

A

Over 10 billion

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12
Q

Is nerve tissue highly vascular or avascular?

A

Highly vascular

The blood brain barrier limits what enters nerve tissue

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13
Q

What are Nissel Bodies?

A

Basophilic, granule-like structure

Rough EF

Indicate the amout of synthesis

There is usually a lot of synthesis becasue they’re making neurotransmitters

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14
Q

What does the cell body do? What is it composed of?

A

Contains the nuclues and organelles

Maintains the cell

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15
Q

What is the axon? What does it do?

A

Long process esctending from the cell

1 per cell

Transmits impulses away from cell to synapse

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16
Q

What are dendrites? What do they do?

A

Shorter processes

Numerous

Transmit impulses from periphery toward the body

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17
Q

What is a perikaryon?

A

The cell body of a neuron

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18
Q

What are axon hillocks?

A

Organelle-free zone that distinguishes axon from dendrites

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19
Q

What is the branching of the axon limitted to?

A

Branching restriced to vicinity of its target

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20
Q

What is a good example of the extensive dendritic trees seen on some neruons?

A

Purkinje Cells

Receives more than 100,000 different signals

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21
Q

What are the 3 categories of neurons based on number of axons and dendrites?

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Unipolar (pseudounipolar)
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22
Q

How many axons and dendrites does a multipolar neuron have? What are 3 examples of mulitpolar neruons?

A

1 axon + 2 or more dendrites

  1. Motor
  2. Pyramidal
  3. Purkinje
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23
Q

How many axons and dendrites do bipolar neurons have? What are two examples of bipolar nuerons?

A

1 axon and 1 dendrite

  1. Olfactory
  2. Special senses??
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24
Q

How many axons and dendrites does a unipolar (pseudounipolar) nueron have? What type of animal typically has pseudounipolar?

A

1 axon that divides into 2 processes

Vertebrates

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of nuerons bases on function?

A
  1. Motor
  2. Sensory
  3. Integrative (internuerons)
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26
Q

What type of polarity are motor neruons? What is thier function?

A

Majority are multipolar

Convey impulses from CNS/ganglia to effector cells

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27
Q

Somatic efferent fibers and visceral efferent fibers belong to what functional neuron group?

A

Motor neuron

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28
Q

Whare to somatic efferent fibers terminate? Where is its cell body located?

A

Terminate at the nueromuscular junction of skeletal muscle

Cell body is in ventral horn

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29
Q

Where do visceral efferent neurons located (terminate and cell body location)?

A

Terminate on internuerons??

Cell body is in the dorsal horn

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30
Q

What do visceral efferent neurons control? (1 with 2 examples)

A

Smooth Muscle

ex) blood vessels and sweat glands

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31
Q

What kind of polarity do sensory neurons have? What is thier function?

A

Majority are pseudounipolar (but special senses are bipolar)

Convey impulses from receptors to CNS

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32
Q

Somatic afferent fibers and visceral afferent fibers belong to which functional neuron group?

A

Sensory Neurons

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33
Q

What is the funciton of somatic afferent fibers? Where is the cell body located?

A

In the pacinian corpuslcle

Senses vibrations, pressure, pain

Cell body in dorsal root of ganglion

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34
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Aggrefation of cell bodies in the PNS

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35
Q

What are nucli?

A

Aggregation of cell bodies in the CNS

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36
Q

What types of things do visceral afferent fibers sense?

A

Sense stretching, pain internally

Still dealing with smooth muscle

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37
Q

What polarity do integrative (internerons) have? What is thier funciton?

A

Majority are Multipolar

Create a network between sensory and motor neurons

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38
Q

Which functional group accounts for 99% of nuerons?

A

Integrative

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39
Q

How does information flow from the external environment to movement?

A

Afferent -> Interneruon -> Effernet -> Muscle

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40
Q

What are synapses?

A

Specialized junctions that facilliate transmission of impulses from one neuron to another

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41
Q

What are the four types of synapses? What are the two parts of each?

A
  1. Axodendritic; axon - dendrite
  2. Axosomatic; axon - cell body
  3. Axoaxonic; axon - axon
  4. Dendrodendritic; dendrite - dendrite
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42
Q

What are the two transmission types of synapses?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Electrical
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43
Q

What type of transmission over synapses do vertebrates have most commonly?

A

Chemical

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44
Q

What is chemical transmission?

A

Release of neurotransmitter at presynaptic neuron

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45
Q

What is electrical transmission?

A

Gap junctions permit movement of ions between cells

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46
Q

Where do we find electrical synapses in humans? (2)

A

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

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47
Q

What are the 3 major regions in a chemical synapse?

A
  1. Presynaptic element
  2. Synaptic cleft
  3. Postsynaptic membrane
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48
Q

Talk me through the process of chemical transmission?

A

AP comes down axon > depolarizes presynaptic element > Ca channels open > further depolarization > release of NT into synaptic cleft > bind to Na channels (ex) > Na influx into post-synaptic membrane > depolarization > transmissionn of signal down axon

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49
Q

What happens at an exititory synapse?

A

Sodium increases the positive charge in the post-synaptic membrane causing it to depolarize and move the signal forward

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50
Q

What happens at a inhibitory synapse?

A

Influx of chloride cause the postsynaptic membrane to become even more negative/ hyperpolarized making it more difficult to propagate the signal

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51
Q

How does botulism toxin work?

A

AcH is not released from the presynaptic neuron > no depolarization > no action potential propogates > no skeletal muscle contraction

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52
Q

How does tetnus toxin work?

A

AcH is released from the presynaptic neuron, but there are no inhibitory signals > constant depolarization > contant action potential > sustained muscle contaction

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53
Q

What is AcH released by? What is it important in regulating?

A

AcH is released by cholenergic neurons

Regulate memory, sleeping, and dreaming

Alzeimer’s Disease

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54
Q

What are the 3 ways to get rid of NT in the synaptic cleft?

A
  1. Exocytose it back into the presynaptic
  2. Brake it down (ex. AcHesterase)
  3. Modifiy it so its no longer funcitonal
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55
Q

What is dopamine released by? What does dopamine regulate?

A

Dpamine is released by cholenergic neurons

Regulates movement and motivation

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56
Q

What can too much dopamine indicate? Too little?

A

Too much = schozophrenia

Too little = parkinson’s

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57
Q

How does dopamine function?

A

Prolong somehting

NaOIs

Inhibits chatocholine NT so its no longer functional > chatocholine functions for longer

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58
Q

What is the function of GABA? What can too low levels of GABA lead to? Does drinking alchol increase or decrease GABA?

A

GABA is the major inhibitory NT in the brain

Low GABA > tremors, seizures

Drinking alchohol increases GABA which causes reaction times to slow down

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59
Q

What are the two main type of supporing cells of the nervous system?

A
  1. Perihperal Neuroglia
  2. Central Neuroglia
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60
Q

What are the two types of peripheral neuroglia?

A
  1. Schwann Cells
  2. Satellite (capsule) cells
61
Q

What are the 4 types of cental nueroglia supporting cells?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal Cells
62
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

They create the myeline sheath which increases the speed at which the electical impulse can travel down the axon faster

63
Q

How does a schwann cell mylentate the axon?

A

Axon lies in a grove of the schwann cell > schwann cell starts to grow around until it finds the mesaxon > contiues to wrap > positively charged protiens (MBP, etc) pull at membrane > cytoplasm is extruded so all that’s left is the lipid myeline wrapped around the axon

64
Q

What illness is associated iwth MBP? What happens to MBP?

A

MS (multiple sclerosis)

Immune system starts to attac MBP which leads to the demylination of axons

65
Q

What are nodes of ranvier? What do they have lots of?

A

Uninsulated region between schwann cells

Highly enriched in ion channels

66
Q

Besides mylinationg, what other funciton do Schwann cells serve?

A

Protect unmylinated nerve fibers

1 Schwann cell can accomodate 20 different neuron’s fibers

67
Q

What is the function of a satellite cell?

A

Satellite cells insulate the cell body

Similar to Schwann cells

68
Q

Where are satellite cells located? What do they look like?

A

Cubiodal

In the ganglia

69
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Reinforce barriers of blood vessels, CT on the menegies, and epidemial cells

Provide physical and metablic suppoort for neurons onf the CNS

Mainitans blood brain barrier

70
Q

What are the two types of astrocytes? Where are they found?

A

Protoplasmic - grey matter

Fibrous - white matter

71
Q

What are the characteristics of protoplasmic atrocytes? What do they end with?

A

Numerous short branches

End in perivascualr feet to reinforce barriers such as tight junctions ans mylein shealth - cover any electrical openings

72
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrous astrocytes?

A

Straight, elongated

Support

73
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce and maintain myelin sheath in the CNS

74
Q

How are oligodendrocytes different from Schwann cells? (3)

A

Oligodendroytes have multiple cytoplasmic extansions that wrap around the axon so they can enshealth multple nuerons at once, 1 schwann cell can only mylenate 1 axon

Rode of ranvier is larger for oligodendrocytes so the electrical impulse travels slower

Ologodendrocytes are in the CNS, Schwann cells are in the PNS

75
Q

What are microglial cell? Where are they located? What is their function?

A

Macrophages of the nervous system

Possess phagocytic properties

turn over and remove waste and foriegn materials

76
Q

What illness is assocaited with microglial cells? What is it?

A

Microlgiosis

Microglial cells are larger than normal

77
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells? Where are they located?

A

Synthesize cerebral spinal fluid

Form an epithelial-like lining of the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord

78
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

associatted cpillaries in the brain that produce CSF

79
Q

How do the epithelial-like lining of the ventriclaes (ependymal cells) contribute to reproduction of CSF?

A

Imporatnt in absorbing CSF

80
Q

What is the difference between grey matter and white matter?

A

Grey matter contains cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and central neurglia

White matter caonaly ONLY axons

81
Q

What is the function of white matter?

A

To connect grey matter together

82
Q

What is the arrangement of grey and white matter in the spinal cord? In the brain?

A

Spinal cord: Grey inside, white outside

Brain: White inside, grey outside

83
Q

What are the meneigies? What is thier function?

A

CT tissue that protects the CNS tissue

84
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid
    1. Sun arachnoid space
  4. Pia Mater
85
Q

What is the dura mater made of? What is it continuous with?

A

Dense CT

Continuous with the periostium of the cranial cap and the spinal canal bone in the spinal cord

86
Q

What is the arachnoid?

A

Extension of CT that make arachnoid tranbiculi

87
Q

What is the arachnoid space?

A

The area between the arachnoid trabeculae

88
Q

What is the central canal filled with?

89
Q

What is the pia mater made of? What is it direclty connected to?

A

Delicate LCT

It is direclty attached ot the nervous tissue

90
Q

What is the neuropil?

A

The matted-looking substances surroinding neruons

It is composed on dendrites, axons, and support cells

91
Q

What are the three main regions of the brian?

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Cerebrum
  3. Spinal Cord
92
Q

What is the cerebral cortext?

A

The grey matter of the cerebrum

93
Q

What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortext?

A
  1. Molecular Layer
  2. External Granular
  3. External Pyrimidal
  4. Internal Granular
  5. Internal Pyramidal
  6. White Matter
94
Q

What are cortical columns?

A

Relay system of neruons

It is the functional unit of nervous tissue

95
Q

Where is the pia mater in the cerebral cortext?

A

The pia mater is attached ot the molecular layer

96
Q

What is the molecular layer composed of?

A

Support cells

No neruons

97
Q

What is the external granular and pyramidal layers composed of?

A

Exitatory neurons

98
Q

What distinguishs the external granullar and pyramidal layers from their internal layer counterparts?

A

Internal granular and internal pyramidal cells are larger

99
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls fine mover movement

100
Q

What are the three layers of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. Purkinje Layer
  3. Granule Layer
101
Q

What is the molecular layer of the cerebellum composed of (2)?

A
  1. Satallite Cells
  2. Basket Cells
102
Q

What do basket cells do?

A

Inhibitory cells

GABA nergic (release GABA)

103
Q

What is the blood brain barrier? What is its function?

A

Protects the CNS from fluctuations in electrolytes, hormones, and tissue metabolites circulating in the blood

Barrier created by extremly tight tight junctions in epithelial cells

104
Q

What does it mean for a capillary to be continuous?

A

It has a continuous basal lamina

105
Q

What cell adds additional support to the tight junctions in the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes use thier foot processes ot reinfoce the BBB

106
Q

Identify the Image

Left side then right side

A

Dendrites

Oligodendrocytes

Node of Ranvier

Cell Body

Synapse

Nissl Bodies

Axon Hillock

Axon

Myelin

Schwann Cell

Myelin

107
Q

Identify the Image

108
Q

Identify the Image

A

Cell body

Nissl Bodies

109
Q

Identify the Image

A

Extensive dendritic tree

Purkinje cell in cerebellum

110
Q

Identify the Image

A

Multipolar

111
Q

Identify the Image

112
Q

Identify the Image

A

Pseudounipolar

113
Q

Identify the Image

A

Interneruon

Afferent Neuron

Effernt Neuron

114
Q

Identify the Image

A

Pyramidal

Interneuron

Purkinje

115
Q

Identify the Image

A

Neuronal synapse

116
Q

Identify the Image

A

Axoaxonic

Axosomatic

Axodendritic

117
Q

Identify the Image

A

Presynaptic Element

Synaptic cleft

Postsynaptic membrane

118
Q

Identify the Image

A

Electrical synapse

119
Q

Identify the Image

120
Q

Identify the Image

121
Q

Identify the Image

top then bottom

A

Schwann cell

Node of ranier

layers of myelin

Axon

Axon myelin sheath

Nodes of ranvier

schwann cell

nucleus of schwann cell

122
Q

Identify the Image

123
Q

Identify the Image

124
Q

Identify the Image

A

Cross section of peripheral nerve

White interior = axons

125
Q

Identify the Image

A

Longitudinal section of peripheral nerve

white interior - axon

126
Q

Identify the Image

A

Schwann cells protect unmyelinated nerve fibers

127
Q

Identify the Image

A

Peripheral nerve ganglion

128
Q

Identify the Image

A

Peripheral nerve ganglion

Satalite Cells

129
Q

Identify the Image

Top, bottom

A

Pia mater

Subpial foot process

Astrocyte

Ependyma

Microglial cell

Nueron

Myelin

Oligodendrocyte

130
Q

Identify the Image

A

Protoplasmic Astrocyte

Perivascular feet

Perinueral feet

131
Q

Identify the Image

A

Fibrous Astrocyte

132
Q

Identify the Image

A

Oligodendrocyte

133
Q

Identify the Image

A

Microglial cell

134
Q

Identify the Image

A

Microglial cell

Microgliosis

135
Q

Identify the Image

A

Ependymal cells ling the spinal canal and devide the dorsla and ventral horns

136
Q

Identify the Image

A

Ependymal Cells lining spinal cord

137
Q

Identify the Image

A

Spinal cord with gray matter inside and white matter on the exterior

138
Q

Identify the Image

A

Brain with white matter on the interior and grey matter on the exterior

139
Q

Identify the Image

A

Dura Mater

subacrachnoid space

arachnoid

white matter

gray matter

central canal

dorsol horn

ventral horn

spinal cord

140
Q

Identify the Image

A

Arachnoid traveculae

Dura mater

arachnoid

subarachnoid space

pia mater

cerebral cortext

141
Q

Identify the Image

A

Motor neurons surronded by neuropil

142
Q

Identify the Image

A

Motor neurons surronded by neuropil

143
Q

Identify the Image

A

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

144
Q

Identify the Image

A
  1. Pia mater attached to molecular layer
  2. External granular
  3. External pyramidal
  4. Internal granular
  5. Internal pyramidal
  6. White matter
145
Q

Identify the Image

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. External granular
  3. External pyramidal
  4. Internal granular
  5. Internal pyramida;

White matter at very bottom

146
Q

Identify the Image

A

Pia Mater

Molecular layer

Purkinje

Granular layer

147
Q

Identify the Image

A

Basket cell

Molecular layer

Purkinje cell layer

Granule cell layer

white matter

Purkinje

Granule cell

148
Q

Identify the Image

A

Cerebellum

149
Q

Identify the Image

A

Atrocyte foot processes

Histology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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