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Histology Unit 2 > Chapter 10 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Homeostasis
  3. Immune Response
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2
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Fluid CT consistening of cells and ECM

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3
Q

Which of the four general categories of tissue does blood fall under?

A

Connective Tissue (specialized connective tissue)

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4
Q

What are the three main types of cells that compose the ECM of blood?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Thrombocytes
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5
Q

What are the two parts of blood composition?

A
  1. Cells (45%)
  2. ECM (55%)
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6
Q

What is the ECM of blood composed of?

A

Plasma

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7
Q

What does PCV stand for? What is it?

A

Packed Cell Volume

Hematocrit

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8
Q

What might a low hematocrit value indicate?

A

Anemia

Reduced hemoglobin

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9
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

Layer of WBC and plattlets

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10
Q

What are the four layers in a blood sample after its been spun down?

A

Top: liquid portion; plasma

????

Buffy coat

hematocrit

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11
Q

What is the main componenet of plasma? What is the function of this portion?

A

Water

Acts as a solver

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12
Q

What is plasma?

A

Liquid ECM

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13
Q

What is plasma composed of? (3)

A
  1. Water (91-92%)
  2. Protiens (7-8%)
  3. Other solutes (1-2%)
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14
Q

What three protiens are most abundent in your plasma?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
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15
Q

What is albumin? Where is it made? What does it do?

A

Albumin is a carrier protien found in the plasma

It is make in the liver

Carreirs hormones etc

Creates colloid osmotic pressure

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16
Q

What is the importance of colloid osmotic pressure? What protien is responsible for creating it?

A

With out it all blood would go to the tissue

Albumin

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17
Q

What are globulins? Where are they made? What do they do?

A

Immunoglobulins and alpha/beta/gamma/globulins

Made by the liver

Create colloid osmotic pressure

Immune System

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18
Q

What is fibrinogen? Where is it made? Wht does it do?

A

A protien in plasma

Made in the liver

In case of injury, firinogen produces fibrin which acts as a net and helps form a clot

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19
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Serum is just the liquid portion of the plasma

Plasma contians the protiens and other solutes too

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20
Q

Would you want plasma or serum if you were testing clotting ability?

A

Plasma, it contians clotting factors etc

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21
Q

What are the “other solutes” found in plasma?

A

Electrolytes

Gases

Waste

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22
Q

What kind of stain do they use on a blood smear?

A

Write’s stain

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23
Q

What are the two cell types in blood based on granularity?

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
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24
Q

What are the three types of leukocytes based on granularity? What kind of dye do they take up? Which means that have what kind of charge?

A
  1. Neutrophils; don’t take up either
  2. Eosinophils; take up negativly charged dye, positivily charged cells
  3. Basophils; take up positivly charged dye, negitivly charged cells
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25
Q

What are the physical characteristics of RBC? (2)

A
  1. Anucleated
  2. Biconcave dics
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26
Q

What does having a doughnut shape help the RBC do?

A

Decrease SA in the center > better gas exchange

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27
Q

What is the primary function of RBC?

A

Bind oxygen ofr delivery and CO2 for removal

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28
Q

What gives RBC a uniform stain?

A

Hemoglobin is right at the entirety inner surface

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29
Q

What are two important membrane protiens in RBC? What do they do?

A
  1. Glycophorin C; indicated blood type
  2. band 3; interacts with hemoglobin and keeps it on the surface
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30
Q

What do the protiens in the peripheral membrane of RBC do?

A

Cytoskeleton gives RBC lots of flexibility

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31
Q

What would a decrease in RBC cytoskeleton flexibility cause?

A

Increased blood clotts

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32
Q

What is hemoglobin composed of?

A

4 polypeptide chains in comples with iron-containing heme group

alpha, beta, gamma, lambda

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33
Q

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

A

Specialized protien for transport of O2 and CO2

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34
Q

What are the 3 hemoglobin types?

A
  1. HbA (HbA1a1, HbA1a2, HbA1c, HbA1d)
  2. HbA2
  3. HbF
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35
Q

What is the primary hemoglobin type found in adult humans?

A

HbA

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36
Q

What is HbA1c hemoglobin an idicator of?

A

Diabetes

It binds irrebersibly to glucose

It can give a snap shot of blood glucose levels in an individual over 2-3 months

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37
Q

What is the average life span of a RBC?

A

60-90 days

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38
Q

What type of hemoglobin is found in fetuses and babies 0-6 months? Why?

A

HbF

(F for fetal)

Has gamma instead of beta chains which gives it a higher affinity for oxyge n

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39
Q

What is anemia? What causes it?

A

Low RBC count caused by a lack of vitamin B6 or B12

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40
Q

What is the cause hypochromic anemia specifically?

A

Deficieny in B6

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41
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

High RBC

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42
Q

What are 3 things that can cause polycythemia?

A

Sleep apnea

insufficent O2

High altitudes

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43
Q

What is sickle cell anemia? What causes it? What are some symptoms?

A

RBC look like half moons

Caused by a single point mutation in beta chain of hemoglobin

RBCs carry less oxygen and have a shorter life span (45-60 days) due to fragility

Prone to clotting

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44
Q

How does glycoporin C determine blood type?

A

glycoporin C carries the different sugars

A and B have additional sugars

O has no additional sugars

AB has both types of additional sugars

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45
Q

What can occur if there is a mismatch in a blood donation/transfussion?

A
  • Your antibodies will recognize it as foriegn and attack the new RBC
  • Clotting
  • RBC will burst releasing hemoglobin which is toxic to the kidneys
  • Agglutination
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46
Q

What is erythroblastosys fetalis?

A
  1. Rh negative mom, Rh positive fetus
  2. Has first kid, blood gets mixed together during birth
  3. Mom develops antibodies against Rh positive RBC
  4. Mom has second Rh positive fetus, moms antibodies attack RBC of fetus #2
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47
Q

How do we treat/prevent erythroblastosis fetalis? What does it do?

A

Rhogam

Removes any Rh pos RBC from mom before she can develop antibodies agians it

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48
Q

What are the five types of leukocytes? What classes do they call under?

A

Granulocytes:

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils

Agranulocytes:

  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
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49
Q

Rank the leukocytes from most to least abundent

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosionophils

Basophils

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50
Q

What are the physical characteristics of neutrophils?

A

10-12 micrometers in diameter

Multi-lobed nucleous

PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophil)

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51
Q

What three granule types do neutrophils contain?

A
  1. Specific granules
  2. Azurophilic granules (MPO)
  3. Tertiary granules
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52
Q

What is the primary function of a neutrophil?

A

Phacogytosis

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53
Q

What does MPO do in a neutrophil?

A

A type of azurophilic granule

Makes ROS

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54
Q

Talk me through neutrophil migration?

A

Moves like a tumbleweed binding to P-selectin and E-selection on the wall of the blood vessel

If it comes in contact with a chemokine > neutrophils binds to integrin receptors > increases in round shape and expands out > squeezes through the wall

55
Q

What is deapadysis?

A

Squeezing of the neutrophil through the wall of the blood vessel

56
Q

What are the physical characteristics of eosinophils?

A

10-12 microm in diameter

Bi-lobed nucleus

57
Q

What granule types doe eosinophils have? (2, 2 under 1 of the categories)

A
  1. Specific Granules
    - Major basic protien
    - Eosinophil=derived neurotoxin
  2. Azurophilic granules
58
Q

Whare are the specific granules of eosinophils located?

A

Localized in a crysalloid body

59
Q

What does major basic protien in eosiniphils do?

A

Kills worms

60
Q

Where are the azurophilic granules of eosinophils located?

61
Q

What does an elevated number of eosinphils indicitive of? (2)

A

Either a parasite or an allergic reaction

62
Q

What are the physical characteristics of basophils?

A

12-12 micrometers

Irregularly lobed nucleus

63
Q

Are basophils rare or common?

64
Q

What are the two granule types that basophils have?

A
  1. Specific granules; heparin, histamine, haparan sulfate, leuktrienes
  2. Azurophilic granules; lysosomes
65
Q

What is the primary function of basophils?

A

Cause inflammation

Partially responsible for anaphylaxis

66
Q

Physical characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

6-30 micrometers (small, medium, and large sizes)

Idnted nucleus with little cytoplasm

67
Q

Are lymphocytes rare or common?

A

Most common agranulocyte

68
Q

What size (s,m,l) lymphocytes are most abundant?

69
Q

What are the three functionally distict types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. T lymphocytes
  2. B lympocytes
  3. Natural Killer (NK) cells
70
Q

Physical characteristics of monocytes?

A

largest WBC (18 microm)

Horseshoe or kidney-shaped nucleus

71
Q

What type of granules do monocytes have (1)

A

Azurophilic granules

72
Q

What is the primary function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis

73
Q

Physical characteristics of platelets?

A

2-3 microm

Non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragments

74
Q

What are plateletes derived from?

A

Magakaryocytes in the bone marrow

75
Q

What are the four zones of a platelet?

A
  1. Peripheral Zone
  2. Structural Zone
  3. Organelle Zone
  4. Membrane Zone
76
Q

What is the peripheral zone of plateletes? What does it do?

A

Cell membrane covered by thick glycocalyx

Reaction surface for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

77
Q

What is the structural zone of platelets? What does it do?

A

Cytoskeleton network

Responsible for platelet’s disc shape

78
Q

What is the organelle zone of platelets? What does it do/

A

Center of the platelet

Contians cranules for vessel repair and coagulation

79
Q

What is the membrane zone of a platelete? What does it do?

A

Two types of membrane channels

  1. Open canalicular system
  2. Dense tubular system
80
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

Blood clotting

Repair of injured tissue

81
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Clotting factor deficiency

82
Q

What is von Willebrand disease?

A

Disrupted platelete activation

83
Q

What does the von Williebrand factor do?

A

Initiates clotting

84
Q

What is a CBC?

A

Complete Blood Count

Computer-assisted blood cell analysis that counts and analyzes the cells

85
Q

What is elevated WBC count indivitive of?

A

Inflammatory response

Hyperleukocytosis (leukemia)

86
Q

What are low levels of leukocyte count indivitive of?

A

Leukopenia associated with radiation/chemotherapy

HIV.AIDS

aplastic anemia

87
Q

What are high neutrophil count indivitive of?

A

Bacterial Infection

88
Q

What is high eosinophil count indivitive of?

A

Allergies

Parasitic infection

89
Q

What is high lymphocyte count indivitive of?

A

Viral infection

90
Q

What are low levels of neutorphils, esoinophils, basophils, and lyphocytes indicitive of?

A

Autoimmune disorder

Bone marrow disorder

Some cancers

91
Q

What is high erythrocyte (RBC) count indivitive of?

A

Primary and secondary polycythemia

92
Q

What is low RBC count indivitive of?

A

Anemia due to:

blood loss

Iron/B12 deficienty

Poor nutrition

93
Q

What does high levels of hematocrit indicate?

A

Increased % of RBCs

94
Q

What does low levels of hematocrit indicate?

A

Decreased % of RBCs

95
Q

What do high levels of hemoglobin indicate?

A

Polycythemia

96
Q

What do low levels of hemoglobin indicate?

97
Q

What does high thrmobocyte (platelete) count indivitive of?

A

Thrombocythemia = bone marrow disorder, inflammation

98
Q

What is low thrombocyte (platelete) count indivitive of?

A

Thrombocytopenia

(leukemia, infection, genetic disorder)

99
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

Development of blood cells

100
Q

In what places is hemopoiesis high in the different stages of life?

A
  1. Early gustation - yolk sac
  2. Mid gustation - Liver and spleen
  3. Late gustation (5 months and on) - bone marrow
  4. Red BM –> Yellow BM
  5. Adults - vertebraie and sternum
101
Q

Where are megakaryocytes located in the BM?

A

Close to the blood vessels so they can just shed off their cytoplasm to produce platletes

102
Q

Why are megakaryocytes easily identifiable?

A

They are 10x larger than the other cells in the BM

103
Q

What is the process of produces a mature eutythorcyte?

A

Proerythoblast (large nucleus, euchromatin, active mitotic acitivity) > Basophilic eyrthoblast (increse rough ER which makes it basophilic) > begins making hemoglobin > polychromatophic (mix of blue and red because of the rough ER and hemoglobin) > orthochoromatophilic (consensed nucleus, no mitotic activity, ER dissapears (no more blue stain, pink stain only) > reticulocyte (nucleus gets kicked out) > mature euthrocyte

104
Q

What three cell types can a myoblast differentiate into? What is the intermediate cell type?

There are more intermediates than the one listed - look at powerpoint

A

Myoblast > promyelocyte

  1. Nuetorphil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
105
Q

What is bone marrow made of?

A

Sponge-like network of hemopoietic cells

Reticular fibers

106
Q

What does the sinusoidal system do in the in BM?

A

Acts as a cloded circulation system

107
Q

What is a sinudoid?

A

Capillaries in the BM

Filled with mature eurythorcytes

108
Q

Can bone marrow convert from red to yellow back to red?

109
Q

Identify the image

A

Buffy Coat

Hematocrit

110
Q

Identify the image

A

B chains

Heme

Iron

A chains

111
Q

Identify the image

A

Sickel Cell Anemia

112
Q

Identify the image

A

Differnt blood types

Glycophorin C

113
Q

Identify the image

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

114
Q

Identify the image

A

Mismatch blood donation

115
Q

Identify the image

left side, then right side

A

Neutrophil

Basophil

Monocyte

Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

116
Q

Identify the image

A

Nuetrophil

117
Q

Identify the image

A

Neutrophil

118
Q

Identify the image

A

Neutrophil Migration

119
Q

Identify the image

A

Eosinophil

120
Q

Identify the image

A

Eosinophil

121
Q

Identify the image

122
Q

Identify the image

123
Q

Identify the image

A

Lymphocytes

124
Q

Identify the image

A

Lymphocyte

125
Q

Identify the image

126
Q

Identify the image

127
Q

Identify the image

128
Q

Identify the image

129
Q

Identify the image

130
Q

Identify the image

A

Proerythroblast

Basophilic erythroblast

Polychromatophilic eyrthroblast

Orthochromatophillic erythroblast

Polychromatophilic erytgrocyte

131
Q

Identify the image

A

Bone Marrow

132
Q

Identify the image

A

Bone Marrow

133
Q

Identify the image

A

Bone Marrow

Triangles = trebeculi

Histology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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