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Histology Unit 2 > Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Propel and transport blood

Gas exchange in tissues and lungs

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2
Q

What two systems is the circulatory system comprised of?

A
  1. Cardiovascular system
  2. Lymphatic vascular system
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3
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of? (3)

A

Heart

Blood

Blood Vessels

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4
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Lymph

Lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Receive excess tissue fluid from capillaries, take it to the lymph nodes, and eventually bring it back to the heart

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6
Q

What are the two size classifications of blood vessels?

A
  1. Macrovasscular
  2. Microvascular
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7
Q

What are the 4 types of macrovascular vessels?

A
  1. Elastic Artery
  2. Muscular Artery
  3. Large Vein
  4. Medium-sized vein
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8
Q

What are two examples of elastic arteries?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Pulmonary artery
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9
Q

What type of muscle surrounds muscular arteries?

A

Smooth muscle

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10
Q

Veins have thinner walls than arteries - why?

A

Blood is under lower pressure

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11
Q

Which has a larger lumen? Arteries or veins

A

Veins - they move a greater volume

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12
Q

What are the three tu[es of microvasculature?

A

Arterioles

Venules

Capillaries

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13
Q

Two-directional exchange of fluid occurs between ____ and ______ within the capillaries

A

Blood and Tissues

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14
Q

What are the two fates of fluid after leaving the capillaries?

A
  1. re-enters at the venous end of capillaries
  2. remaining fluid enters lymphatic vessels
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15
Q

What characteristics of microvasculature allow for gas exchange?

A

Smaller lumen

Smaller walls and muscular arteries

Narrow arterioles

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16
Q

What two things makeup lymph?

A

Excess Interstitial Fluid

Larger particles

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17
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood from heart > lungs > heart

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18
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood from heart > tissues > heart

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19
Q

What is the path of blood from super/inferior vena cava to the aorta?

A

Deoxygenated blood > superior/inferior vena cave > right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs (gas exchange) > pulmonary veins > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta

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20
Q

What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary Artery

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21
Q

What is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

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22
Q

The heart is a __ chambered organ composed of 2 ___ and 2 _____

A

4

atria, ventricles

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23
Q

What prevents backflow of blood between chambers?

A

Valves

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24
Q

What separates the right and left atria?

A

Inner Atrial Septum

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25
Q

What separates the right and left ventricles?

A

Inner Ventricular Septum

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26
Q

Which is thicker the inner atrial septum or inner ventricular septum? Why?

A

The Inner Ventricular Septum

There is a decreased abundance of cardiac muscle in the atria walls because you don’t need as much force, the blood is under less pressure

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27
Q

How does cardiac muscle function?

A

Contracts to propel blood

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28
Q

What are the two functions of the fibrous skeleton?

A
  1. Attachment point for cardiac muscle, cuspid valves, and semilunar valves
  2. Electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
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29
Q

What pieces make up the coronary vasculature?

A

Two coronary arteries and cardiac veins

30
Q

What tissue type composes the fibrous skeleton?

A

DICT

31
Q

What creates the core of cuspid and semilunar valves?

A

Fibrous Skeleton

32
Q

What tissue type makes up the septa?

A

DCT

33
Q

What allows for the isolated contraction of atria and ventricles?

A

Septa made of DCT

34
Q

What function does coronary vasculature provide?

A

The heart tissue itself needs nutrients

35
Q

What are the two overarching valve types?

A

Atrioventricular valves - separate atria and ventricles

Semilunar valves - separate vasculature and ventricles

36
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A
  1. Tricuspid Valve (separates right atria and ventricle)
  2. Mitrial / bicuspid valve (separates left atria and ventricle)
37
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A
  1. Pulmonary valve (separate right ventricle and pulmonary artery(vein??))
  2. Aortic valve (separate left ventricle and aorta)
38
Q

Cardiac muscle contraction occurs _______

A

Spontaneously

39
Q

Does cardiac muscle contract via nervous system stimulus?

A

No

40
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system affect the heart?

A

Changes heart rate

41
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system? In what way do they affect the heart rate?

A
  1. Sympathetic > increase BPM
  2. Parasympathetic > decrease BPM
42
Q

Where does the electrical impulse in the heart begin? What is the rest of the pathway?

A

SA node in right atrium > inner atrial septa > AV node > fibrous skeleton on inner ventricular septum = bundle of his > right and left bundle branches > Purkinje fibers

43
Q

What two characteristics set the cardiac cells of the SA and AV nodes apart from the others?

A
  1. Smaller cardiac muscle cells
  2. Lack intercalated discs
44
Q

How are the AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers cardiac cells different than the others?

A

They are larger than ventricular muscle cells

45
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A
  1. External fibrous layer
  2. Inner serous layer
46
Q

What tissue type is external fibrous layer?

A

DCT (and a little adipose)

47
Q

What is the function of the external fibrous layer of the pericardium? (3)

A

It serves as a protective sac

Affix the heart to surrounding structures

Contains adipose tissue which acts as insulation and cushioning

48
Q

What are the two layers of the inner serous layer of the pericardium?

A
  1. Parietal layer: inner fibrous surface
  2. Visceral layer: part of the epicardium
49
Q

What tissue type is the mesothelium made of?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

50
Q

What function does the mesothelium/inner serous layer provide the heart?

A

Creates a slick surface so there is less friction

51
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located? What is it filled with?

A

In between 2 layers of serous pericardium

Filled with pericardial fluid

52
Q

What function does the pericardial cavity serve?

A

Shock absorber

53
Q

What can happen to the pericardial cavity after a trauma or illness?

A

Trauma/illness > excess pericardial fluid > heart can’t contract properly

54
Q

What are the three layers of the epicardium? And what tissue type is found in that layer?

A
  1. Inner layer of mesothelium = visceral layer of pericardium
  2. Middle layer of fibroelastic CT
  3. Deep layer of adipose tissue
55
Q

Myocardium makes up the ____ of the heart

A

Bulk

56
Q

What is the myocardium mostly made of?

A

Bundles of cardiac muscle

57
Q

What are the three layers of the endocardium and what does each contain?

A

Inner layer of endothelium and subendothelial CT

Middle layer of DCT containing smooth muscle

Deep subendocardial layer made of DCT containing Purkinje fibers

58
Q

Which layer of the heart is in contact with the lumen of the heart?

A

Endocardium

59
Q

What type of tissue is endothelium made of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

60
Q

What are Purkinje fibers?

A

Specialized cardiac conducting cells

Larger than myocardium cells

61
Q

How to tell the difference between CMF and Purkinje fibers

A

PF are lighter because they have increased glycogen compared to muscle fibers > decrease actin and myosin which give it the eosinophilic stain

62
Q

What are the three things each valve is composed of?

A
  1. Fibrosa
  2. Spongiosa
  3. Ventricularis
63
Q

What is the main function of heart valves?

A

Stop the regurgitation of blood from

  • atria (atrioventricular)
  • arteries (semilunar)
64
Q

How are valves attached to the heart?

A

Attached via DCT fibrous

65
Q

What is a heart valve?

A

CT core with overlaying endocardial layer

66
Q

What is the orientation of each layer of the heart valve?

A

Blood Vessel/atrial side = spongiosa

Core = fibrosa

Ventricular Side = ventricularis

67
Q

What tissue type is the spongiosa layer of the heart valve made of? What function does this serve?

A

LCT with collagen and elastic fibers

High proteoglycans > increased water > provides shock absorption for when the valves close

68
Q

What tissue type is the ventricular layer of the heart valves made of?

A

Endothelium and DCT with elastic fibers

69
Q

What are chordae tendinea? What do is their function?

A

Extensions of DCT

Attach heart valve to papillary muscle

70
Q

What constitutes the conducting system of the heart? (5)

A

SA node

AV nod

bundle of HIs

right and left bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

71
Q

The SA node is known as the

A

anatomical pacemaker

72
Q

What is the path that leads to atrial and ventricular contraction?

A

SA node > atrial contraction > AV > bundle of His > Purkinje > ventricles contract

Histology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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