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Histology Unit 2 > Chapter 15 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

Skin and its derivatives (hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails, mammary glands)

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2
Q

What are the two main layers of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis

(hypodermis)

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3
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis layer of the skin?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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4
Q

What type of tissue is the dermis layer of the skin composed of?

A

Loose Connective Tissue, Dense Irregular CT

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5
Q

What tissue type is the hypodermis made out of?

A

Adipose tissue: subcutaneous facia

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6
Q

What are the two subclasses of skin?

A
  1. Thick
  2. Thin
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7
Q

What is the difference between thick and thin skin?

A

Thin: the epidermis is less than the dermis

Thick: epidermis is thicker than the dermis

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8
Q

What does thick skin lack that thin skin has?

A

Thick skin lacks hair follicles

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9
Q

What are the six functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Barrier
  2. Immunological Info
  3. Maintains Homeostasis
  4. Sensory Information
  5. Endocrine Function
  6. Excretion
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10
Q

What characteristics of the skin provide a barrier against physical, chemical, and biological insults?

A

Codification = accumulation of keratin and formation of lipid layer

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11
Q

What two ways does the skin maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. Regulate body temp
  2. Prevent water loss
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12
Q

What type of sensory information does the skin provide? (4)

A
  1. Pain
  2. Temp
  3. Vibrations
  4. Pressure
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13
Q

What endocrine functions does the skin perform? (3)

A

Secreting growth factors, cytokines, processing vitamin D

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14
Q

What three things does the skin excrete?

A

Sweat

Oil

Apocrine

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15
Q

What are the four major layers of the epidermis? What is the fifth layer observed in thick skin?

A

Superficial: stratum corneum

stratum lucidum *thick skin only

stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum

stratum basale

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16
Q

Which layer makes up the bulk of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum

Codified layer

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17
Q

What type of cells are in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

As cells move upwards they transition from the stratum granulosum to corneum where they undergo apoptosis

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18
Q

What happens to keratinocytes in the stratum corneum?

A

desquamation on the outer layer - shedding off of the cells

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19
Q

Where is the stratum basale located? What type of cells does it have? What shape do the cells have - what does this indicate?

A

Single layer resting on basal lamina

Contains stems cells –> keratinocytes (basal cells)

Cuboidal; decreased cytoplasm, increased nucleus = increased mitotic activity

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20
Q

What type of cells are in the stratum spinosum?

A

Prickle cells with spinous processes

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21
Q

What is the function of the spinous processes of prickle cells?

A

Cytoplasmic extensions that connect adjacent cells via bridges and desmosomes

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22
Q

What happens as prickle cells move upwards?

A

Prickle cells make more and more keratin/tanofillaments and keratohyalin granules

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23
Q

Where is the stratum granulosum? What do the cells look like in this layer?

A

Outermost non-keratinized layer

Keratinocytes contain keratohyalin grunules

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24
Q

What are keratohyalin granules important for?

A

They are important for forming tanofibril bundles which form around basophilic granules

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25
Q

How many layers of cells thick in the granulosoma? Is it in thick or thin skin?

A

In thick skin

3-5 cell layers thick

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26
Q

What is the last living stage for cells in the epidermis?

A

Stratum granulosum

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27
Q

What is the progression of cells through the epidermis?

A

Stem > Prickle > llamelar bodies????

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28
Q

What is the significance of the lamellar bodies in keratinocytes?

A

They are important for the water barrier

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29
Q

In what type of skin do we find stratum lucidum? What are the characteristics of cells in this layer?

A

Thick Skin

Advanced keratinization = no nucli

Stains poorly

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30
Q

What type of cells are found in the stratum corneum? What are they filled with?

A

Anucleate squamous cells

Filled with keratin filaments (85%)

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31
Q

How many layers thick is the corneum?

A

5 cell layers thick

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32
Q

What are the four cell types found in the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans’ Cells
  4. Merkel’s Cells
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33
Q

Where are keratinocytes found?

A

From the stratum basale to the stratum corneum

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34
Q

What are the two major functions of Keratinocytes?

A
  1. Keratin Production
  2. Water barrier
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35
Q

Where do you find Melanocytes?

A

Only in stratum basale

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36
Q

Where do you find Merkel’s cells?

A

Stratum basale

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37
Q

Keratin assembles into _______ which organize into ______

A

Tonofilaments

Tonofibrils

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38
Q

Talk me through keratinocyte maturation through the layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum Basale > make keratin > Stratum Spinosum > Tonofillaments > Upper Stratum Spinosum > Fillagrgrin and Trichohyalin > Tanofibrils > Stratum Granulosum > Increase Tonofibrils > Create Cell Envelope > Stratum Corneum > Apoptosis

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39
Q

What are two things (proteins?) required for the aggregation of tonofibrils? What is this process of aggregation called?

A
  1. Filaggrin
  2. Trichohyalin (keratohyalin granules)

Keratinization

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40
Q

What is desquamation?

A

Apoptosis and subsequent shedding of keratinocytes (squams) off the stratum corneum

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41
Q

What is the process of desquamation?

A

Squams are bound to each other by desmosomes which are held in place by LETKI

As squams move upwards, pH decreases (more acidic) LETKI disengages from KLK > KLK cleaves desmosomes > upper squams can be sloughed off

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42
Q

What is LETKI?

A

pH-sensitive inhibitor

Inhibits KLK

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43
Q

Why does pH decrease as you get closer to the surface of the epidermis?

A

It is more acidic because of the sebum that is excreted

Sebum = fatty acids

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44
Q

What two envelopes make up the water barrier?

A
  1. Cell Envelope
  2. Lipid Envelope
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45
Q

What is the cell envelope?

A

Insoluble proteins on the inner surface of the plasma membrane

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46
Q

What proteins are found in the cell envelope? (4)

A

Small proline-rich (SPR) protiens

Tanofibrils linked to the plasma membrane through elafin and involucrin

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47
Q

What are elafin and involucrin? Where are they found? What do they do?

A

Proteins

In the cell envelope

Link tanofibrils to the plasma membrane

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48
Q

What is the lipid envelope?

A

The lipid layer attached to the outer membrane

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49
Q

What is found in the lipid envelope?

A

Lamellar bodies

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50
Q

What causes granules to form?

A

Filligrin?

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51
Q

Talk to me about the development of lamellar bodies?

A

Begin synthesis in stratum spinosum

Increase in size (?) in the stratum granulosum

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52
Q

What three things do lamellar bodies hold?

A
  1. Ceramides
  2. Free Fatty Acids
  3. Cholesterol
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53
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

Rest on stratum basale with processes extending into stratum spinosum

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54
Q

What is the function of the epidermal-melanin unit? What is its ratio to keratinocytes?

A

Produces and secretes melanin

1:4 - 1:10 ratio epidermal-melanin unit:keratinocytes

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55
Q

What are the 4 major steps of pigment donation?

A
  1. Premelanosome formation
  2. Synthesis of melanin in early melanosome
  3. Mature melanosomes traffic to cytoplasmic end
  4. Keratinocytes phagocytose melanosomes
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56
Q

Talk me through pigment donation

A

Lysosomes filled with tyrosine and enzymes produced in the Golgi move towards cytoplasmic extensions > synthesize melanin on the way > move to cytoplasmic end > Keratinocytes phagocytose portion of plasmic extension and the melanosomes within > melanosomes enter into keratinocytes > melanin encases nucleus to protect it from UV damage

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57
Q

What are the 3 (4) factors in skin color variation?

A
  1. Degradation rate
  2. Pigment Type
  3. UV exposure
  4. Age
58
Q

How does degradation rate affect skin color?

A

Light skin - melanin degrades faster; melanin is predominantly in basal keratinocytes

Dark skin - melanin degrades slower; melanin is distributed throughout the epidermis

59
Q

How does pigment type affect skin color?

A
  1. Eumelanin (brown-black)
  2. Pheomelanin (red-yellow)
60
Q

How does UV exposure affect skin color?

A

UV exposure causes the proliferation of melanocytes

Increase UV > Increase melanin production

61
Q

How does age affect skin color?

A

Increase age > decrease melanocytes

62
Q

What is Albinism? What causes it? What are the symptoms?

A

Can’t synthesize melanin in early melanosome

Lack tyrosinase > lack DOPA which is a required intermediate step

Symptoms: more susceptible to UV damage and skin cancer

63
Q

What are Langerhan’s Cells? What is their function?

A

Antigen-presenting dendritic cells

Traffic to lymph nodes to present skin antigens to T-cells

64
Q

Where are Langerhans’ cells located?

A

They move freely through the epidermis (and then through vasculature to lymph nodes)

65
Q

What are Merkel’s cells? What is their function?

A

Associated with afferent nerve endings and function in cutaneous sensation (warmth, cold, contact, pain)

66
Q

What is the structure of Merkel’s cell + neuron called?

A

Merkel’s Corpuscle

67
Q

Are Merkel’s cell abundant or rare in the skin?

A

Abundant

68
Q

Characteristics of neuron in Merkel’s corpuscle?

A

Loses myelination when it pushes through the basal lamina

Has plate-like ending at Merkel’s cell

69
Q

What is UV radiation necessary for? What does too much UV radiation lead to?

A

Necessary for Vitamin D production

Too much > accumulations of DNA mutations > cancer

70
Q

What is Basal Cell Carcinoma? Will it migrate? Where are they most likely to be found?

A

Large mass of basal cells

Typically won’t migrate

Found in body regions with exposure to the sun

71
Q

What is Malignant Melanoma? Does it travel?

A

Melanocytes that migrate from the stratum basale

Yes It migrates

72
Q

What are the ABCDE of malignant melanomas?

A

Asymmetric shape

Border is irregular

Color is black, red, blue

Diameter - advanced stages are larger than a pencil eraser

Enlarged/Evolved - change in shape, size, color

73
Q

What are the two types of Malignant melanoma?

A
  1. Radial - just in the dermis
  2. Vertical - moved down into dermis and accessed blood vessels
74
Q

What is Psoriasis? What causes it? What are the symptoms?

A

Autoimmune in ideology

T-cells cause basal cells to rapidly proliferate faster than desclamation which causes cambosis = thickening of the skin > infiltration of immune cells

Redness, inflammation

75
Q

What is the most common form of Psoriasis?

A

Plaque Psoriasis

76
Q

What is Vitiligo? What causes it? Symptoms?

A

Melanocytes are destroyed (by trauma or autoimmune disorder) > lack of pigmentation

White patches on skin or in hair

77
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary
  2. Reticular
78
Q

What is the dermal papillae?

A

CT protrusions that project into the undersurface of epidermis which leads to interdigitate with epidermal ridges

79
Q

What is the papillary layer composed of?

A

Loose Connective Tissue protrusions that project into the undersurface of the epidermis

80
Q

What is the reticular layer composed of? Is it greater in thick or thin skin?

A

Irregular DCT

Interdigates with epidermal ridges

Greater in thick skin

81
Q

What are langer lines? Why do doctors cut along them during surgery?

A

Regular lines of tension formed by the dense irregular connective tissue

Skin separates into consistent lines running parallel with underlying muscle

Surgeons cut along these lines to decrease scar tissue on muscle

82
Q

What are epidermal ridges? What do they provide?

A

Unique pattern of ridges caused by the dermal papilla pushing up the epidermis

Increase grip and sensitivity

83
Q

What is dermatoglyphics?

A

Analysis of finger prints

84
Q

What are the 4 types of sensory receptors discussed in class?

A
  1. Pacinian Corpuscle
  2. Krause’s end blub
  3. Meissner’s Corpuscle
  4. Ruffini’s Corpuscle
85
Q

Where is the Pacinian corpuscle located? What does it sense? Characteristics?

A

In the deep dermis and hypodermis

Pressure and Vibrations

Onion shape, concentric lamellae filled with fluid

86
Q

Where is Krause’s end bulb located? What does it detect?

A

Deep dermis

Detects cold

87
Q

Where is Miessner’s corpuscle? what does it detect? Where do you find them on your body?

A

Derminal papilli

Light touch

Find it on your fingers and lips

88
Q

Where is Ruffini’s corpuscle? What does it detect?

A

Deep dermis

Skin stretch and torque

89
Q

What surrounds Meisner’s corpuscles?

A

Surrounded by a capsule with Schwan-like cells around the fiber

90
Q

What are 4 epidermal skin appendages?

A
  1. Hair Follicles
  2. Sebaceous glands
  3. Eccrine sweat glands
  4. Apocrine sweat glands
91
Q

What is the hiar follicle responsible for?

A

Production and growth of hair

92
Q

The coloration of hair is due primarily to content and type of what?

A

Melanin

93
Q

Whare are the three segments of the hair follicle?

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Isthmus
  3. Bulb
94
Q

What regions of the hair follicle does the infundibulum cover?

A

Surface to sebaceous gland

95
Q

What region of the hair follicle does the isthmus region cover?

A

Infundibulum to erector pilli muscle

96
Q

What region of the hair follicle does the bulb region cover?

A

Lower region

97
Q

What is the function of the erector philli? Where is it located?

A

Attaches to bulge area of hair follicle and underside of the epidermis

Smooth muscle whose contractions lead to the release of sebum

Responsible for goosebumps

98
Q

What are the two things the bulb region of the hair follicle consist of?

A

Dermal papilla

Matrix

99
Q

What is the dermal papilla? What type of tissue is it? What function does it serve?

A

Invagination of the dermis into the matrix

LCT with capillaries and Nerves that serve as communication between papilla and cells in the matrix

Determines length and thickness of hair shaft

100
Q

What is the matrix of the bulb of the hair follicle?

A

The germinative layer of the follicle

Gives rise to layers of hair follicle

101
Q

Destruction of the dermal papilla in the bulb region would lead to what?

A

Destruction of the hair follicle

laser hair removal

102
Q

What is the path cells take from bulb region to hair shaft?

A

Bulb > down external root shealth > matrix > hair shaft and external root shealth?

103
Q

What are the three parts to the hair shaft?

A

Medulla

Cortex

Cuticle

104
Q

Matrix cells have 6 differnent pathways: 1-3; ______, 4-6: ______

A

Hair Shaft

Internal root shealth

105
Q

What is the medulla of the hair shaft? What tissue type is it made out of?

A

The central portion, scalp

Made of spongey, soft keratin

106
Q

What s the cortex of the hair shaft? What tissue type is it made out of?

A

Makes up 80% of hair mass

Hard Keratin

107
Q

What is the cuticle of the hair shaft? What tissue type is it made out of? How many cell layers thick is it?

A

6-8 layers of cells

Outermost layer

hard keratin

108
Q

What are the characteristics of internal root health? When does it develop? When does it disintegrate? What is the significance of the disintegration?

A

Ridgid, cylindrical tube

Develops before hair and dictates how the hair lays

Desinegrates at the level of the sebaceous gland - creates lumen/opening for sebaceous content to be released

109
Q

What are the three stages of hair growth?

A
  1. Anagen
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
110
Q

Is hair growth cyclical or linear?

A

Cyclical

111
Q

What happens in the anagen growth phase? Where on your body has 80% of the hair in this phase?

A

Period of growth in which new hair develops

More than 80% of hair present on the scalp is in this phase

112
Q

What happens in the catagen growth stage?

A

A brief period in which growth stops

Bulb region pulls away from dermal papilla

113
Q

What happens in the telogen growth phase? How long is this phase?

A

Long rest period in which follicle atrophies

Several Months

114
Q

What are the two hair growth types?

A
  1. Terminal
  2. Vellus
115
Q

What growth phase is terminal hair in? Where do you find terminal hair?

A

Anagen Phase

Scalp and Beard

116
Q

What is vellus hair? Where do you find it?

A

Microscopic hair

Found on palms of hands, balls of feet, lips

117
Q

When baldness occurs there is a change in the ratio of hair characteristics. There is more _____ and less ______ which is caused by an increase in _____

A

More vellus hair

Less terminal hair

Increase in DHT

118
Q

How does an increase in dihydrotestosterone (DHT) cause in hair?

A

Increase DHT > miniaturization of hair follicle > terminal hair transitions to vellus hair

119
Q

What is Propecia? What does it do?

A

Drug taken by people to stop balding

Blocks formation of DHT and thus the ability of follicle to miniaturize

120
Q

What is the difference in the keratinization in skin vs hair? (3)

A

Skin: soft outer layer, Hair: hard, compact layer

Skin: continuous, over entire surface, Hair: intermittent

Skin: mature cells are similar, Hair: differentiate into various cell types

121
Q

How do sebaceous glands develop? Where do they discharge sebum?

A

Develop as outgrowths of external root sheath

Discharge sebum into the infundibulum

122
Q

How do the cells of the sebaceous glands vary based on location?

A

Cells closer to the edge have nuclei and are filling with sebum

As you move inwards you lose nuclei because the cell is overwhelmed with sebum and dies

123
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

When the nuclei condense

occurs in sebaceous glands as cells become overwhelmed with sebum

124
Q

What is sebum made out of? (2)

A

Lipids

Triglycerides

125
Q

What are the two functions of sebum?

A
  1. Inhibit Bacterial growth
  2. Lubricate and protect hair and skin
126
Q

What is a holocrine gland? What is an example?

A

When the release of sebum ruptures the membrane

So you’re not just releasing the contents of the cell but the cell itself

Sebaceous Gland

127
Q

What is a branched acinar gland? What is an example?

A

A gland that has multiple pouches

Sebaceous Gland

128
Q

What is a whitehead?

A

the opening to the sebaceous gland is closed by skin

129
Q

What is a blackhead?

A

Opening of sebaceous gland is blocked by debris and oil but not blocked by skin

130
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands located?

A

Distributed over entire body surface except for lips and part of external genitalia

131
Q

What kind of glands do eccrine sweat glands have>

A

Simple coiled glands

132
Q

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands? How do they do this?

A

Thermoregulation

Cool the body by releasing contents (98% water and then salt, urea, ammonia, uric acid)

133
Q

What is the histological difference between the secretory and duct part of the eccrine sweat glands?

A

Secretory: simple cuboidal epithelium, surrounded by mesothelium (contract and release)

Duct: stratified cuboidal epithelium, stains darker

134
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

A

Distributed in axilla, areola of mammary gland, anus, external genitalia

135
Q

What type of glands do apocrine glands have? where are these located specifically?

A

Tubular glands associated with hair follicles

In deep dermis and hypodermis

136
Q

What is the function of apocrine sweat glands? When do they start secretion?

A

??

Starts at puberty

Nutrient for bacteria > bad odor

137
Q

What are nails? Where are they located?

A

cornified structures on the distal phalanx of each finger/toe

138
Q

What is the nail plate?

A

Dead, highly packed cells filled with hard keratin

139
Q

What does the nail plate lie on? What is it made of?

A

Plate lies on nail bed

Epidermis, but instead of having a stratum corneum you have cortified nail plate

140
Q

What attached the nail to the bone?

A

CT of the dermis

141
Q

The nail is bounded by the ______ and the _______. What is their functions?

A

Cuticle (eponychium)

Quick (hyponychium)

Protect epidermal nail bed

Histology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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