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Histology Unit 2 > Chapter 11 - Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary role of muscle?

A

Contraction

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2
Q

What are the two types of contractile cell apperances?

A
  1. Striated
  2. Smooth
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3
Q

Muscle cells are characterized by aggregates of elongated cells arranged in parallel array

A

True

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4
Q

What are the two types of myofilaments in muscle cells?

A
  1. Actin
  2. Myosin
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5
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A

Light and dark staining cells

Muscle fibers

Multinucleated myocytes

Voluntary, strong, discontinuous movements

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6
Q

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

A

Light and dark staining

individual myocytes

Interculated discs

Nucli centrally located

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7
Q

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

A

Tappered Ends

Central Nucli

Oblique angles connect filaments to the membrane

weak, slow, involuntary movements

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8
Q

Where is smooth muscle located (2)?

A

Visceral Organs

Blood Vessels

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of CT in skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
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10
Q

What does the epimysium surround?

A

Surronds collection of fascicles of skeletal muscle

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11
Q

What does the perimysium surrond?

A

Surronds group of fibers to form a bundle (fascicle) in skeletal fibers

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12
Q

What does the endomysium surround?

A

Surronds muslce fibers in skeletal and other muscle types

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13
Q

What do the layers of CT help the skeletal muscle do?

A

The CT helps transmitt force as 1 section

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14
Q

What type of fibers are prevalent in the CT in skeletal muscle?

A

Reticular fibers

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15
Q

What is a muscle fiber?

A

A skeletal muscle cell

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16
Q

What are the three types of skeletal muslce?

A

Type I

Type IIa

Type IIb

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of type I skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Red, Slow

Oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

Why does oxidative phosphorylation help the muscle with long standing contractions?

A

Decreases waste production (in comparison to glycolysis) so the muscle doesn’t tire out

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of type IIa skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Oxydative phosphoylation and glycolysis

Get some byproducts

Decrease endurance, increase in speed

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of type IIb muscle fibers?

A

Fast movements

Glycolysis

Increase waste products

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21
Q

What type of animals/where doe you find type I skeletal muscle?

A

Limbs of mammals

Migratory birds

Back Muscles

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22
Q

Where do you find/what type of person type IIa skeletal muscle fiber?

A

Middle-distance swimmers

Hockey players

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23
Q

What type of athletes do you find type IIb skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Sprinters

Weightlifters

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24
Q

What is the subunit of muscle fibers?

A

Myofibrils

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25
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

myofilaments

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26
Q

The organization of ______ in muscle fibers give a cross-striated apperance

A

Myofibrils

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27
Q

A-band

A

Thick and thin overlap

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28
Q

I band

A

Thin band only

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29
Q

Z line

A

Bisects the I band

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30
Q

Sarcomere

A

Z line to Z line

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31
Q

What are alpha actininins responsbile for?

A

Help attach actin to the Z line

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32
Q

H band

A

Just myosin filaments

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33
Q

M line

A

In the H band

Most high density

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34
Q

What is titin? What is its function?

A

Protien

Attaches myosin to the Z line so they stay in register

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35
Q

What is tropomyosin? What is its function?

A

Protien

Helical

Mask myosin binding site on actin

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36
Q

When muscles contract and relax what band(s) shrink/grow? What band(s) never change?

A

I band and H band increase during stretch

A band never changes

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37
Q

What are the three parts of the troponin complex?

A

TnC

TnT

TnI

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38
Q

What is the function of TnC?

A

Binds calcium

Initiates contraction

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39
Q

What is the function of TnT?

A

Binds direclty to tropomyosin

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40
Q

What is the function of TnI?

A

Inhibits the interaction

41
Q

What happens when Ca binds to TnC?

A

There is a shift in TnT and thereby a shift in TnI

42
Q

What happens in a neuromuscular junction?

A

Motor nueron terminate on skeletal muscle

43
Q

What is the path the action potential takes from a neuromuscular junction till muscle contraction?

A

AP > depolarization of sarcolema > t-tubules depolarize > adjacent to terminal cisterma of sarcoplasmic reticulum > release Ca from cisterna

44
Q

What is the sarcolema?

A

Membrane on muscle

45
Q

What kind of arrangements do myosin filaments have in skeletal muscle?

A

Bipolar arrangment

All heads face one direction

46
Q

Where do you find bipolar arrangment of mysoin?

A

Skeletal fibers

Cardiac fibers

47
Q

What two types of binding sites are on myosin heads?

A
  1. Actin binding site
  2. ATP binding site
48
Q

What is the process from when calcium is released to the myosin heads actually causing contraction?

A

Calcium released > myosin binding site is exposed > myosin binds to actin = rigor conformation > ATP binds myosin head > release myosin head > Hydrolysis of ATP > release of inorganic phosphate = stroke power > myosin head moves > release of ATP > back to the beginning

49
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that is released in neurotransmitter junction?

50
Q

What is botulism toxin? What does it do?

A

It prevents the release of AcH to the neuromuscular junction

Flacid Paralysis

51
Q

What is tetnus toxin? What does it do?

A

No inhibitory neurons > sustained release of AcH

Lock Jaw, cortusion of muscle contractions

52
Q

What are intercalated discs? What muscle types are they found in?

A

Found in cardiac muscle

Gap junctions that link cardiac muscle cells

53
Q

_________ muscle fibers consist of numerous cells arranged end to end

A

Cardiac muscle

54
Q

How many nucli do cardiac cells have?

A

One - mononucleated

55
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located?

A

Myocardium

56
Q

What are the three layers of heart?

A

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

57
Q

What are the two components of intercalated discs of cardiac muscle?

A

Transverse Component

Lateral Component

58
Q

What are the two components of the transverse component of the intercalated discs?

A
  1. Fascia adherens
  2. Maculae adherens
59
Q

Does the transverse component of the intercalated disc run parallel or perpendicular to the myofibrils?

A

Perpendicular to myofibrils

60
Q

What are the two components of the lateral component of the intercalated disc?

A

Gap junctions

maculae adherens

61
Q

Do lateral component of the intercalated disc run parallel or perpendicular to myofibrils?

A

Parallel to myofibirls

62
Q

What are t-tubules?

A

Extension of sarcolema and interact with terminal cisterma

63
Q

How does the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems effect the heart?

A

They control the bpm - heart rate

Sympathetic: increase bpm

Parasympathetic: decrease bpm

64
Q

Cardiac conducting cells - function

A

Spontaneously contract

65
Q

How does the electriv current travel through the heart?

A

SA node > AV node > radiate through bundle of his > purkinje fibers

66
Q

What kind of cells are in the subendocardium?

A

Cardiac contractile cells

67
Q

What is a myocardial infraction?

A

Heart attack

Occlusion/blockage of artery = myocardial ischemia

68
Q

What are the stages of myocardial infarction?

A

Blockage of artery > intercalated discs disappear > nucli condense = hypnotic > 3 days later = necrosis

69
Q

What occurs during necrosis?

A

Occurs 3 days after a heart attack

Immune cells break down necrotic tissue

Develop scar tissue > heart no longer contracting normally

70
Q

How do smooth muscles contract? (what style)

A

Twist, like a corkscrew

Not accordian (like cardiac and skeletal muscle)

Twisted nucli

71
Q

What are dense bodies? What muscle type are they located in? What is thier function?

A

Anchor thin filamemts and intermediate filaments to the sarcolemma

Transmit contractile forces generated inside cell to cell surface

Located in smooth muscle

72
Q

What are dense bodies made of?

A

Alpha actininin

73
Q

What are dense bodies analogous to in skeletal and cardiac muscle?

74
Q

What is the myosin arrangment in smooth muscle?

A

Side-polar

Contributes to the twisting motion of smooth muscle cells

75
Q

What triggers smooth muscle contractions?

A

Not controlled by nervous system

Triggered by mechanical, chemical, and electrical stimuli

76
Q

What is the process of contraction in smooth cells?

A

Calcium is released > calcium binds to calmodulin > calcium-calmodulin complex activated MLCK > phosphorylate mysoin > binding of actin

77
Q

Identify the image

A

Skeletal Muscle

78
Q

Identify the image

A

Smooth Muscle

79
Q

Identify the image

A

Cardiac Muscle

80
Q

Identify the image

A

Skeletal Muscle

81
Q

Identify the image

A

Cardiac Muscle

82
Q

Identify the image

A

Smooth Muscle

83
Q

Identify the image

A

Myofibril

Muscle fasicle

Muscle fiber

Epimysium

Endomysium

Perimysium

84
Q

Identify the 2 skeletal muscle types

A

Dark Stain - type I

Light Stain - type II

85
Q

Identify the image

A

I band

A band

Z line

Sarcomere

86
Q

Identify the image

A

I band

A Band

H band

Z line

87
Q

Identify the image

A

Tropomyosin

Actin

Ca binding site

Troponin Complex

Binding site blocked - no contraction

Myosin Binding Site

Binding site exposed - contraction

88
Q

Identify the image

A

Sarcolemma

Z line

H band

Z line

T tubule

Terminal cisterna of sarcoplasmic reticulum

89
Q

Identify the image

A

Motor Neuron Axon

Action Potential

Neuromuscular Junction

Mitochondrion

T tubule

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Myofibril

Plasma Membrane of Muscle Fiber

Sarcomere

Ca released

90
Q

Identify the image

A

Attachment

Release

Bending

Force Generation

Reattachment

91
Q

Identify the image

A

Cardiac Muscle

92
Q

Identify the image

A

Cardiac Muscle

93
Q

Identify the image

A

Zonula Adherens

Macula Adherens

94
Q

Identify the image - 2 layers

A

Cardiac Conductile Cells

Cardiac Muscle cells

95
Q

Identify the image

A

Myocardial Infarction

Normal

Myocardial Ischemia

3 days later

96
Q

Identify the image

A

Smooth Muscle

97
Q

Identify the image

A

Smooth Muscle

98
Q

Identify the image

A

Smooth Muscle

Dense Bodies

99
Q

Identify the image

A

Bipolar thick filament

Side polar thick filament

Histology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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