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Medical Studies 2 > NEPHRON NONSENSE > Flashcards

NEPHRON NONSENSE Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

a) Reabsorption
b) Filtration
c) Secretion
d) Storage

A

b) Filtration

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2
Q

Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of water reabsorption?

a) Proximal convoluted tubule
b) Loop of Henle
c) Distal convoluted tubule
d) Collecting duct

A

a) proximal convoluted tubule

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3
Q

What hormone is responsible for regulating water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

a) Aldosterone
b) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c) Insulin
d) Cortisol

A

b) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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4
Q

In which part of the nephron does secretion primarily occur?

a) Proximal convoluted tubule
b) Loop of Henle
c) Distal convoluted tubule
d) Glomerulus

A

c) distal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

True or False: Glucose is normally found in urine under healthy conditions.

A

False

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6
Q

What is the main function of the loop of Henle?

a) Filtration
b) Reabsorption of water and ions
c) Secretion of waste products
d) Storage of urine

A

b) Reabsorption of water and ions

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7
Q

Which blood vessel delivers blood to the glomerulus for filtration?

a) Renal vein
b) Renal artery
c) Aorta
d) Inferior vena cava

A

b) renal artery

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8
Q

What structure connects each kidney to the bladder, allowing urine to flow?

a) Urethra
b) Ureter
c) Nephron
d) Renal pelvis

A

b) ureter

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9
Q

Which layer of the kidney is responsible for protecting and holding the kidneys in place?
- a) Renal capsule
- b) Renal medulla
- c) Renal pelvis
- d) Renal fascia

A

d) Renal fascia

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10
Q

True or False: The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

A

True

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11
Q

What is the primary function of the renal pelvis?
- a) Filtration
- b) Reabsorption
- c) Storage of urine
- d) Secretion

A

c) Storage of urine

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12
Q

Which part of the nephron is responsible for fine-tuning sodium and potassium balance?
- a) Proximal convoluted tubule
- b) Loop of Henle
- c) Distal convoluted tubule
- d) Collecting duct

A

c) Distal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

What is the normal pH range of urine in humans?
- a) 2.0-3.0
- b) 4.5-6.0
- c) 7.0-7.5
- d) 8.5-9.0

A

b) 4.5-6.0

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14
Q

True or False: The juxtaglomerular apparatus is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and filtration rate.

A

True

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15
Q

What is the role of the afferent arteriole in the glomerulus?
- a) Blood exit
- b) Blood entry
- c) Filtrate exit
- d) Filtrate entry

A

b) Blood entry

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16
Q

Which hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells and is produced by the kidneys?
- a) Insulin
- b) Erythropoietin
- c) Cortisol
- d) Thyroxine

A

b) Erythropoietin

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17
Q

Where does the majority of nutrient reabsorption occur in the nephron?
- a) Proximal convoluted tubule
- b) Loop of Henle
- c) Distal convoluted tubule
- d) Collecting duct

A

a) Proximal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

True or False: The renal corpuscle consists of the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus.

A

True

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19
Q

What is the term for the process by which substances move from the blood into the renal tubules?
- a) Filtration
- b) Reabsorption
- c) Secretion
- d) Osmosis

A

c) Secretion

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20
Q

What is the main function of the Bowman’s capsule in the nephron?
- a) Reabsorption
- b) Filtration
- c) Secretion
- d) Storage

A

b) Filtration

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21
Q

True or False: The majority of water reabsorption in the nephron occurs in the loop of Henle.

A

False

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22
Q

Which hormone is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance in the nephron?
- a) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- b) Aldosterone
- c) Erythropoietin
- d) Insulin

A

b) Aldosterone

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle?
- a) Filtration
- b) Osmotic balance
- c) Temperature regulation
- d) Acid-base balance

A

b) Osmotic balance

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24
Q

True or False: The urethra is longer in males than in females.

A

True

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24
Q

What is the term for the process by which substances move from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream?
- a) Filtration
- b) Reabsorption
- c) Secretion
- d) Excretion

A

b) Reabsorption

25
Q

Where in the nephron does the majority of filtrate reabsorption occur?
- a) Proximal convoluted tubule
- b) Loop of Henle
- c) Distal convoluted tubule
- d) Collecting duct

A

a) Proximal convoluted tubule

26
Q

What is the primary component of urine that gives it its yellow color?
- a) Urea
- b) Creatinine
- c) Bilirubin
- d) Urochrome

A

d) Urochrome

27
Q

True or False: The renal medulla is responsible for the production of erythropoietin.

A

False

28
Q

Which structure protects the kidneys from mechanical shock and maintains their position within the abdominal cavity?
- a) Renal capsule
- b) Renal cortex
- c) Renal pelvis
- d) Perirenal fat capsule

A

d) Perirenal fat capsule

29
Q

What is the primary function of the collecting duct in the nephron?
- a) Filtration
- b) Reabsorption
- c) Secretion
- d) Concentration of urine

A

d) Concentration of urine

30
Q

What is the role of the macula densa in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
- a) Blood filtration
- b) Osmotic balance
- c) Blood pressure regulation
- d) Sodium and potassium sensing

A

d) Sodium and potassium sensing

30
Q

True or False: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute.

A

True

31
Q

In which renal structure does the final concentration of urine occur?
- a) Proximal convoluted tubule
- b) Loop of Henle
- c) Distal convoluted tubule
- d) Collecting duct

A

d) Collecting duct

32
Q

True or False: The ureters use peristaltic contractions to move urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

A

True

32
Q

True or False: The renal arteries carry oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

A

True

33
Q

What is the term for the network of capillaries in the renal corpuscle responsible for filtration?
- a) Peritubular capillaries
- b) Vasa recta
- c) Afferent arteriole
- d) Glomerulus

A

d) Glomerulus

34
Q

What is the main component of urine that indicates abnormal kidney function when elevated in the blood?
- a) Urea
- b) Creatinine
- c) Sodium
- d) Glucose

A

b) Creatinine

35
Q

Which segment of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
- a) Proximal convoluted tubule
- b) Loop of Henle
- c) Distal convoluted tubule
- d) Collecting duct

A

d) Collecting duct

36
Q

What is the term for the involuntary discharge of urine from the bladder?
- a) Micturition
- b) Diuresis
- c) Incontinence
- d) Osmosis

A

c) Incontinence

37
Q

What process takes place in the glomerulus of the renal corpuscle.

A

Filtration

38
Q

True or False: during filtration blood is filtered, and a fluid called glomerular filtrate is formed.

A

True

39
Q

Is filtration a selective process, allowing only specific substances into the nephron?

a) Yes
b) No

A

b) No - Filtration is non-selective, allowing both waste and essential substances into the nephron.

40
Q

What substances are selectively reabsorbed back into the bloodstream during reabsorption?

a) Urea and creatinine
b) Water, glucose, and electrolytes
c) Bilirubin and uric acid
d) Nitrogenous waste products

A

b) Water, glucose, and electrolytes

41
Q

Does the process of reabsorption contribute to the maintenance of the body’s balance of water and electrolytes?

a) Yes
b) No

A

Yes

42
Q

Reabsorption occurs in the renal tubules. What do the renal tubules consist of?

a) Loop of Henle, glomerulus, distal convoluted tubule.
b) Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule.
c) Collecting ducts, proximal convoluted tubule, glomerulus.
d) Loop of Henle, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule.

A

b) Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule.

43
Q

What is the process that involves the selective movement of substances (drugs, excess ions) from the blood into the renal tubules?

A

Secretion

44
Q

What is the primary function of secretion in urine formation?

a) Filtration of blood
b) Reabsorption of water
c) Elimination of waste products
d) Storage of urine

A

c) Elimination of waste products

45
Q

What role does secretion play in regulating the body’s pH?

A

By selectively moving hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the blood into the renal tubules.

46
Q

What is the composition of the remaining fluid in the renal tubules after filtration and reabsorption?

a) Glomerular filtrate
b) Tubular fluid
c) Renal plasma
d) Urine

A

d) Urine

47
Q

Where is urine temporarily stored before elimination?

a) Renal pelvis
b) Proximal convoluted tubule
c) Urethra
d) Bladder

A

d) Bladder

48
Q

What triggers the release of urine from the bladder?

a) Hormonal signals
b) Muscular contractions
c) Electrolyte balance
d) Oxygen levels

A

b) Muscular contractions

48
Q

What controls the release of urine from the bladder?

a) Renin
b) Sphincter muscles
c) ADH
d) Aldosterone

A

b) Sphincter muscles

49
Q

Until reaching a certain volume, where is urine stored in the body?

a) Proximal convoluted tubule
b) Loop of Henle
c) Bladder
d) Renal pelvis

A

c) Bladder

50
Q

The starting letter for the each stage of urine production is FRSFS… make a way of remembering this.

A

Fuck I: Filtration
Really: Reabsorption
Should: Secretion
Finish: Formation of Urine
Studying: Storage and Elimination

Fancy: Filtration
Racoons: Reabsorption
Sipping: Secretion
Fine: Formation of urine
Scotch: Storage and elimination

Flirtatious: Filtration
Rabbits: Reabsorption
Sip: Secretion
Fancy: Formation of urine
Sangria: Storage and elimination

51
Q

What is the first stage in the process of urine formation and what occurs during this phase?

A

Filtration:
- Takes place in the glomerulus of the renal corpuscle.
- Blood is filtered, and a fluid called glomerular filtrate is formed.
- Filtration is non-selective, allowing both waste and essential substances into the nephron.

52
Q

What is the second stage in the process of urine formation and what occurs during this phase?

A

Reabsorption:
- Occurs in the renal tubules (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule).
- Essential substances such as water, glucose, and electrolytes are selectively reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
- This process helps maintain the body’s balance of water and electrolytes.

53
Q

What is the third stage in the process of urine formation and what occurs during this phase?

A

Secretion:
- Involves the selective movement of substances (e.g., drugs, excess ions) from the blood into the renal tubules.
- Enhances the elimination of certain waste products and helps regulate the body’s pH.

54
Q

What is the fourth stage in the process of urine formation and what occurs during this phase?

A

Formation of Urine:
- The remaining fluid in the renal tubules, now referred to as urine, contains waste products, excess ions, and water.
- This urine is then transported to the renal pelvis and down the ureters to the bladder for temporary storage.

55
Q

What is the fifth stage in the process of urine formation and what occurs during this phase?

A

Storage and Elimination:
- Urine is stored in the bladder until it reaches a certain volume.
- The release of urine is controlled by the sphincter muscles, and the process is initiated by signals from the nervous system.

56
Q

Draw a nephron and label the following on it:

Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending loop of Henle
Ascending loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct

A

https://byjus.com/biology/urine-formation-osmoregulation/

Medical Studies 2 (12 decks)

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