Nephrology & Urology Flashcards
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Normal PaCO2
35-45 mmHg
Normal PaO2
85%
Normal HCO3
22-32 mmol/L
Normal PH
7.40-7.45
urinary urgency + urinary frequency + nocturia
Overactive bladder
Peaked T-waves are seen in lead V2,V3,V4 and V5 + widening of QRS, decreased amplitude of P waves
hyperkalaemia
ACE inhibitors + spironolactone
Increased risk of hyperkalaemia
Causes of hyperkalaemia
– Renal failure.
– Metabolic acidosis.
– Addison’s disease.
– Use of aldosterone antagonists like spironolactone.
– ACEi.
– NSAIDs.
Renal stone recurrence management
- Increase water intake about 2.5 to 3 litres/day
- calcium-rich foods
- thiazide diuretics
- lewer oxalate-rich foods (Oxalate stones)
- Allopurinol
- urinary alkaliniser (potassium citrate)
Renal stones initial investigation
1st case: CT KUB
2nd recurrent: ultrasound + X-ray KUB
Renal stones diagnostic investigation
spiral CT KUB non-contrast
alkaline urine + “Staghorn calculi”
Struvite stones
Proteus pathogen renal stone
Struvite
-magnesium ammonium phosphate
Uric acid stone treatment
- Allopurinol
- urine alkalinization
Oxalate stone treatment
Renal stones in renal pelvis management
< 2.5cm: Extracorporeal lithotripsy
< 2.5cm: Percutaneous lithotripsy
Renal stones in ureter
Upper half < 1cm: Lithotripsy
Upper half: >1 cm: Lithotripsy or nephrolithotomy
Lower half < 1cm: Lithotripsy
Lower half > 1cm: Lithotripsy or endoscopy
Renal stones in bladder
< 3cm: Transurethral lithotomy
> 3cm: Cystotomy
Low potassium + hypertension
Investigate serum aldosterone
Most common complication of radical prostatectomy
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
Premature ejaculation treatment
1st line: SSRI (raises orgasm threshold)
main complication of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND)
Retrograde ejaculation
most common complication of TURP
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
UTI requiring hospitalisation
any infant < than 3 months
- increased risk of urosepsis