Nephrology/ renal Flashcards
What can a high urea indicate?
Protein meal - can be due to nitrogenous waste products of protein metabolism
What can cause a protein meal?
GI bleed as blood gets broken down
Protein supplements
What the most common cause of intrinsic acute kidney injury?
Acute tubular necrosis
What causes acute tubular necrosis?
Ischaemic damage or direct toxicity to tubular epithelial cells
What can be seen in urine dip with acute tubular necrosis?
Muddy brown casts
Which type of haemorrhage is associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
What type of screening are people with ADPCK invited for in terms of if they have a family history of subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Berry aneurysm
What’s the diagnositc criteria for ADPCK in under 30’s with a family history? and what’s diagnostic criteria for 30-59 years?
At least 2 renal cysts
for people aged 30-59: more than 2 renal cysts on each kidney
Which class of medication can cause rhabdomyolysis?
Statins
How can statin induced rhabdomyolysis present?
Dark urine
Myalgia
What electrolyte abnormality is seen in rhabdomyolysis?
HYPOcalcaemia
HYPERkalaemia
HYPERphosphataemia
High LDH
What is the definition of nephrotic syndrome?
Increased permeability of renal glomerular BM leading to proteinuria - hypoalbuminaemia, hyperlipidaemia, lipiduria and MARKED OEDEMA
What’s the most common nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Membranous glomerulonephritis
What’s the most common nephrotic syndrome in children?
Minimal change
How can nephrotic syndrome present in children?
Protein uria
Marked facial oedema
Low albumin
When is a renal biopsy indicated in nephrotic syndrome?
Steroid unresponsive
Haematuria present
Under 1 year
Over 12 years
How is nephrotic syndrome managed?
Prednisolone
What qualifies stage 1 ckd?
Egfr under 90 at least 90 days apart on 2 seperate occasions + indications of kidney damage like haematuria or proteinuria
What egfr is stage 2 kidney disease?
60-89
What readings indicate stage 3 CKD?
30-59
What egfr indicates stage 4 ckd?
15-29
What’s treatment for rhabdomyolysis?
IV fluids
Treat hyperkalaemia with: calcium gluconate and insulin-dextrose infusion
Monitoring and correction of other electrolyte abnormalities’ hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia
What causes the dark brown muddy casts in rhabdomyolysis?
Myoglobinuria
How can nephritic syndrome be differentiated from nephrotic syndrome?
Nephritic syndrome: presence of haematuria and hypertension. In nephrotic syndrome there is no haematuria or hypertension