Endocrinology passtest Flashcards
What will a deficiency in ApoB-100 molecules cause and why?
Cholesterol build up because when there is a normal amount of ApoB-100 molecule it binds to LDL so the cholesterol doesn’t accumulate.
What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolaemia?
LDL receptor deficiency
What is the 1st line treatment of symptomatic graves?
Propranolol
What is long term treatment of Graves?
Carbimazole
How does carbimazole work?
Inhibits thyroid production
What is a risk to be aware of with carbimazole?
Agranulocytosis
Can carbimazole be used anytime during pregnancy?
Not safe in1st trimester but safe in 2nd and 3rd
What is a risk of propylthiouracil?
Hepatotoxicity
What is the mechanism of action of propylthiouracil?
inhibiting the enzyme thyroid peroxidase, which usually converts iodide to an iodine molecule and incorporates the iodine molecule into amino acid tyrosine.
What is chvostek’s sign?
Ipsilateral facial twitching when facial nerve is stimulated by touching just in front of the ear.
What does chvostek’s sign indicate?
Low calcium level
What is trousseau sign?
Involuntary hand and wrist contraction?
What does trousseau sign indicate?
Low calcium
What happens to calcium and phosphate levels in a total thyroidectomy causing acquired hypoparathyroidism?
It can cause high phosphate and low calcium
What are the calcium and phosphate levels in chronic renal failure?
Low calcium and high phosphate
What are the calcium and phosphate levels in vitamin D deficiency?
Low calcium and low phosphate
When does glucose peak in insulin dependent diabetics?
Peak plasma glucose between 1 and 2 hours
What is the the expected fasting glucose for a insulin dependent diabetic?
Over 7 mmol
How is metabolic syndrome defined?
3 or more of the following:
1. Increased waist circumference
2. BMI over 30
3. Increased triglycerides
4. Decreased HDL
5. Hypertension
6. Increased fasting glucose
What is the differences between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Primary can be caused by a parathyroid adenoma
Where as secondary is caused by vitamin D deficiency or chronic renal failure
What is the pathophysiology of the mineral levels in primary hyperparathyroidism?
PTH acts on kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption from bones so calcium increases meanwhile more phosphate is excreted.
What else other than PO4- and Calcium is usually elevated in primary hyperparathyroidism? and why?
ALP because PTH increases bone turnover by stimulating osteoclasts. Moreover PTH causes osteoblasts to increase production of RANKL which causes osteoclastic formation and activation which leads to the bone degradation and calcium releases
What are the sodium and potassium levels in Addison’s?
Low sodium and high potassium
How does Conn’s syndrome present?
High BP and Metabolic alkalosis