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UKMLA > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What disease is erythema nodusm seen in?

A

Early stages of sarcoidosis

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2
Q

What colour is a lupus pernio rash? and where is it usually seen? What condition is it associated with?

A

blue/purple and usually seen on skin of nose bridge/beneath eyes and cheeks. Chronic sarcoidosis

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3
Q

What bacteria causes lupus vulgaris?

A

Myobacterium TB

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4
Q

Which organism is there a hypersensitivity to in seborrheic dermatitis?

A

Malassezia furfur - a superficial fungal infection

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5
Q

How does seborrheic dermatitis present?

A

Scaling plaques and underlying erythema

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6
Q

How is seborrheic dermatitis treated?

A

Topical steroids and anti-fungals

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7
Q

What type of referral does a BCC warrants except if it’s massive or in risk location?

A

Routine referral

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8
Q

What is a predictor of a bad melanoma prognosis?

A

Deep lesion

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9
Q

What is pityriasis versicolour? (tinea versicolour)

A

Flaky discoloured hypopigmented patches mainly on chest and back due to proliferation of Malassezia furfur yeast.

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10
Q

Which condition can cause cafe au lait spots?

A

Neurofibromatosis type 1

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11
Q

What hormone level in pregnancy is associated with hyperpigment?

A

High oestriol

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12
Q

What is urticaria pigmentosa?

A

It is a rare disease caused by excessive numbers of mast cells in the skin that produce hives or lesions on the skin when irritated - usually disappear by teenage years

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13
Q

What is whipple’s disease?

A

caused by the bacteria Tropheryma whippelii. Symptoms include chronic digestive issues, weight loss, and joint pain. Other symptoms include neurological issues, endocarditis, and infections in the joints, lungs, and eyes

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14
Q

What can whipple’s disease do to the skin?

A

Cause hyperpigmentation

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15
Q

What can skin burns do to potassium levels?

A

Increase potassium levels

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16
Q

How should burns be treated?

A

Calcium gluconate: stabilises myocardium
Insulin and glucose - to reduce the potassium by shifting it into cells

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17
Q

Chromium salts can be found in what occupational object? And what can it result in

A

Cement - dermatitis

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18
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is SLE and henoch-schonlein purpura?

A

Type 3

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19
Q

What is a type iv reaction?

A

Delayed

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20
Q

What is a type i reaction?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity

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21
Q

What is an early sign of acne rosacea?

A

Facial flushing

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22
Q

How is mild rosacea treated?

A

Topical metronidazole twice a day for 6-9 weeks

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23
Q

How is severe rosacea treated?

A

Oxytetracycline

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24
Q

When does scabies reaction come on?

A

It’s usually delayed and 4 weeks post exposure when the mites eggs have opened.

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25
Q

How may scabies be detected in GP?

A

With the felt tip test which can show burrow or delineated lines for example in hand web spaces.

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26
Q

What is 1st line treatment for scabies?

A

Permethrin

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27
Q

What treatments must be trialled in psoriasis before starting on methotrexate or ciclosporin (must be used for a short course only to induce remission)?

A

Retinoids, vitamin D, topical corticosteroids and PUVA (photochemotherapy)

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28
Q

If Retinoids, vitamin D, topical corticosteroids and PUVA (photochemotherapy), ciclosporin and methotrexate don’t work what can be used for psoriasis?

A

Etanercept - biotherapy - it’s an Anti-TNF

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29
Q

What is a seborrheic keratosis?

A

a non-cancerous skin growth that appears as a wart-like bump on the skin - usually in old ppl

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30
Q

What is a melanocytic naevus

A

a non-cancerous skin lesion that contains clusters of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. It’s more flat

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31
Q

Which skin rash is associated with coeliac?

A

Dermatitis herpetiform - red, itchy blisters.

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32
Q

What skin lesion can appear post viral infection that are harmless?

A

Viral warts - can use cryotherapy to get them off if there are only a few of them

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33
Q

What is pemphigus vulgaris?

A

a rare group of autoimmune diseases. It causes blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. can cause the skin to peel off

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34
Q

What is a tzanck test?

A

The Tzanck smear is mainly used in an acute

setting to rapidly detect a herpes infection or to distinguish Stevens- Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) from staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. However, it can be used to diagnose a variety cutaneous infections and blistering diseases.

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35
Q

What would a tzanck test show with pemphigus vulgaris?

A

Acantholytic cheranitoncytes

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36
Q

What does denuded mean?

A

Removal/ peeling of skin

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37
Q

What would CMV show on a smear?

A

Multinucleated giant cells

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38
Q

Which drugs are most common in triggering psoriasis flares?

A

Beta blockers
Antimalarials
Lithium
Interferons

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39
Q

When would you treat hyperkalaemia?

A

Only if pt is symptomatic or K is equal to or greater than 6.5 mmol or there are ECG changes

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40
Q

What is the pathophysiology of acne?

A

Propionibacterium acne causes hydrolysis of complex lipids in sebum to FA in turn causing inflammation of the hair follicles.

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41
Q

How is dermatitis herpetiform treated?

A

With gluten free diet and dapsone (antibiotic)

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42
Q

How to differentiate between psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis on hair area?

A

In seborrheic dermatitis the patches are usually confined to hairline and hair loss is uncommon where as in psoriasis they extend beyond the hairline .

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43
Q

What are periungual fibromas? Koenen’s tumor

A

skin-colored or reddish nodules seen on the lateral nail groove, nail plate, or along the proximal nail folds. They are more commonly found on the toes than on the fingers.
Associated with tuberous sclerosis

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44
Q

What is a keratoacanthoma?

A

Fast growing, dome shaped skin tumour on a sun exposed area. They rapidly grow like 2cm in a few weeks.

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45
Q

How quickly do keratoacanthoma’s resolve?

A

With 4-6 months leaving a scar. Complete excision is not needed but is a choice

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46
Q

How does a SCC look?

A

Ulcerated and may bleed . May look scaley or horn like

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47
Q

How is SCC treated?

A

Surgical excision

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48
Q

In recurrent cases of BCC or BCC where it’s on ears, nose , face what can be useful?

A

Moh’s microscopy

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49
Q

What is 1st line treatment for seborrheic dermatitis?

A

Ketoconazole 2% cream 1-2 x a day for 4 weeks

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50
Q

What is the difference between a STSG (split thickness skin graft) FTSG (full thickness skin graft)

A

STSG is the entire epidermis and varying thickness of dermis
FTSG is entire epidermis and entire dermis.
STSG can heal by primary intention but FTSG must be sutured and healed by secondary intention.

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51
Q

What is the definition of cellulitis?

A

Local inflammation in the subcut layer

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52
Q

What is the most common causative bacteria of cellulitis?

A

Strep pyogenes

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53
Q

How is cellulitis treated?

A

IV penicillin

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54
Q

Which bacteria cause impetigo?

A

Staph aureus

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55
Q

How is impetigo treated?

A

Topical fuscidic acid or oral flucloxacillin

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56
Q

What is the treatment for vitiligo?

A

Phototherapy , corticosteroids, tacrolimus ointment

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57
Q

What type of drug is tacrolimus?

A

Immunosuppressant

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58
Q

Which auto-antibodies are present in coeliac?

A

Anti-endomysial antibodies

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59
Q

What type of antibodies are present in coeliac? and what other cells

A

IGA depostis, neutrophil infiltration, fibrin deposition which is seen on light microscopy.

60
Q

What are some complications of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia?

A

GI , resp complications
Bleeding
Anaemia
Dyspnea
Stroke
Cirrhosis

61
Q

Which blisters need deroofing?

A

Thin walled over 6mm
Thick walled on palms, soles and fingertips
Blister with rupture or loose skin

62
Q

Which autoantibodies cause all types of pemphigus?

A

Desmoglein

63
Q

What does tinea corporis look like?

A

Rig shaped fungal rash with scaly patches and central clearing with distinct borders.

64
Q

What is Behcet’s disease?

A

Recurrent painful ulcers in genitals that heal with scarring.
Retinitis and uveitis
Erythema nodousm
Cerebral vasculitis
Headaches, seizures, confusion
Increased IgA

65
Q

How is Bechet’s disease treated?

A

Colchicine
Glucocorticoids
Immunosuppressant: cyclophosphamide + Azathioprine
Anti-tnf - infliximab

66
Q

At what level of hyperkalaemia do tall tented T waves appear?

A

6 or more mmol

67
Q

What are osborne waves (J waves) due to?

A

Hypothermia

68
Q

How does alopecia areata start then progress?

A

Coin size patches which then may become confluent to bigger patches
Short tapered hairs may be seen at edge of bald patches
(Exclamation mark hairs)

69
Q

What is a sign of regrowth in alopecia?

A

Fine white hair

70
Q

What is actinic keratosis (solar keratosis)?

A

Scaly area of skin that feels rough With time they may become hard with a wartlike surface. Also known as a solar keratosis, an actinic keratosis grows slowly and usually first appears in people over 40.
Can sometimes become SCC

71
Q

What is treatment for actinic keratosis?

A

5 fluorouracil
Topical diclofenac
Imiquimod cream
Cryotherapy

72
Q

What’s the most common skin cancer?

A

BCC

73
Q

What is the 2nd most common skin cancer?

A

SCC

74
Q

What does SCC look like?

A

Small, red, ulcerated with scaling

75
Q

What does BCC look like?

A

Pearly nodules, raised edges and telangiectasia

76
Q

What is an infantile haemangioma? (STRAWBERRY MARK)

A

Red raised growth in first 6 months of life anywhere on the body. They then shrink and disappear by 7 years

77
Q

What is a Port wine stain (capillary malformation)

A

Non raised red/ purple stain increases in size during pregnancy, puberty and menopause

78
Q

What is a salmon match (stork mark)

A

Light pink on forehead, neck eyelids - disappear within a few months

79
Q

How many cafe au lait spots on a child would warrant a investigation into neurofibromatosis type 1?

A

6 or more

80
Q

What is the difference between a carbuncle and furuncle?

A

SC collections of pus but furuncle is like a boil - there’s only one discharging sinus but in carbuncle there’s two or more discharging sinuses

81
Q

Which rash is associated with IBD and early sarcoidosis?

A

Erythema nodosum

82
Q

Which rash is associated with penicillin, phenytoin use, NSAIDS, sulfar drugs, HSV, Mycoplasma

A

Erythema multiforme

83
Q

What’s the differences between NF1 and NF2?

A

NF1: cafe au lait spots, optic nerve tumours, skeletal dysplasia, learning disabilities
NF2: Balance issues, hearing problems, vestibular schwannoma

84
Q

What is lichen planus?

A

a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin, nails, hair, and mucous membranes. Shiny purple plaques on skin and white wickham striae on tongue

85
Q

What does chronic lichen planus put someone at risk of?

A

SCC

86
Q

How is lichen planus treated?

A

Topical steroids
Immunomodulators

87
Q

What is idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura?

A

Number of platelets decrease due to being destroyed. Spreads purpura and bruising and occasional nose bleeds

88
Q

What is 1st line treatment in idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura?

A

Prednisolone and dexamethasone

89
Q

What is 2nd line for scabies?

A

Malathion cream

90
Q

What is Wallace’s rule of 9 ?

A

Estimates burn size. One palmar surface of hand = 1% of body surface

91
Q

What is 1st line treatment for psoriasis?

A

Betnovate and vitamin D (calciptriol)

92
Q

What is 1st line investigations for NF1?

A

MRI brain - then look for evidence of bone deformity (skeletal dysplasia)

93
Q

What is erythema ab igne caused by?

A

Peoplewho sit near fires for ages of use hot water bottles to much - due to the infrared radiation that comes off these things

94
Q

What is most common complication of peutz jehgers?

A

Cancer

95
Q

What is a distinct way of telling there is a malignant melanoma?

A

Easy bleeding

96
Q

What is prescribed first line for mild-moderate acne?

A

Benzyl-peroxide

97
Q

What is prescribed for acne if there is scarring risk ?

A

Benzyl peroxide + topical clindamycin

98
Q

What is prescribed for moderate acne involving back and shoulders?

A

Oral clindamycin

99
Q

Do BCC metastasise?

A

Rarely and if they do it’s local invasion

100
Q

What is guttate psoriasis?

A

Tear drop shapes
Salmon pink colour papules that have a fine scale
Usually on trunk and upper limbs

101
Q

What can trigger guttate psoriasis?

A

2/3 of pt will have a recent strep throat infection - the guttate psoriasis will occur after the infection

102
Q

In scarlet fever a rash occurs, is it before after or during infection?

A

It’s during infection
“strawberry tongue”
Rash that feels rough like sandpaper

103
Q

What is erythrodermic psoriasis?

A

Dermatological emergency a red rash to form over most of your body - looks like a burn.
Drop in BP
Tachycardic
Hypyrexia borderline
Rigors

104
Q

What is treatment for erythrodermic psoriasis?

A

Admit to hospital
IV fluids
Wet cool dressings
Ciclosporin IV as it’s fast acting. Methotrexate is more slow acting

105
Q

What type of pathogen is pityriasis rosacea caused by?

A

Virus - NOT FUNGUS

106
Q

What is discoid lupus erythematous?

A

utoimmune skin condition on the lupus erythematosus spectrum of illnesses. It presents with red, painful, inflamed and coin-shaped patches of skin with a scaly and crusty appearance, most often on the scalp, cheeks, and ears.
Photosensitive rash

107
Q

What is pyoderma gangrenosum associated with?

A

IBD

108
Q

What diagnoses pyoderma gangrenosum?

A

Painful necrolytic lesion, cutaneous ulcers and a rapid response to systemic steroids Fever
Joint pain
Pustules that may develop into ulcers
Pathergy, an exaggerated response to minor skin injuries

109
Q

What is treatment for pyoderma gangrenosum?

A

Systemic corticosteroids, Ciclosporin, and Infliximab

110
Q

What is another name for 5-fluorauracil cream ? and what does it do?

A

Efudix - destroys abnormal cells in top layer of the skin

111
Q

What is Chondrodermatitis nodularis

A

Benign nodules on ear associated with pressure on ear usually due to sleeping on sides. Treat with steroids: clob
Gold standard therapy is excision

112
Q

What is lentigo maligna?

A

Melanoma in situ
Slow growing
Hasn’t yet spread to dermis
Takes years to develop usually in sun exposed areas

113
Q

What is a dermatofibroma?

A

Overgrowth of fibrous tissue in dermis due to minor skin in trauma e.g. insect bite - it’s bengign

114
Q

After how many weeks using a topical steroid for psoriasis in the same spot must a break be had.

A

after 8 weeks use a 4 week treatment break is needed

115
Q

Which skin layer is involved in psoriasis?

A

Epidermis

116
Q

What is telogen effluvium?

A

thinning or shedding of hair resulting from the early entry of hair in the telogen phase. It is in this phase that telogen hairs begin to shed at an increased rate,
Triggers: child birth, severe trauma, illness

117
Q

What is anagen effluvium?

A

a form of nonscarring alopecia commonly associated with chemotherapy.
Other triggers: anti-depressants, allopurinol, beta blockers, retinoids

118
Q

Why should infliximab be avoided in pt with latent TB?

A

Because it can reactivate it instead use adalimumab

119
Q

What is Kaposi’ sarcoma?

A

cancer cells are found in the skin or mucous membranes that line the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from mouth to anus, including the stomach and intestines. These tumors appear as purple patches or nodules
Associated with AID’s defining malignancy caused by HSV 8

120
Q

What is an AIDS defining malignancy?

A

If a person with HIV develops one of these cancers, it means they have AIDS.

121
Q

What is prescribed for headlice?

A

Dimeticone 4% lotion

122
Q

How does molluscum contagiousum get treated?

A

Usually goes away by itself in 1-2 years. Unless infected. If the molluscum is causing anxiety or discomfort potassium hydroxide can be used

123
Q

What is spa folliculitis?

A

Red macules that evolve to papules

124
Q

What bacteria causes spa folliculitis?

A

Pseudomonas aerguginosa in contaminated waters - can enter hair follicle resulting in pustular eruption

125
Q

What is a marjolin ulcer?

A

SCC which develops in a scar (usually in burn scars)
Painless and slow growing as it’s mostly avascular and contains no nerves

126
Q

Name a vitamin D analogue?

A

Calciptriol

127
Q

What is pompholyx? (dyshidrotic eczema)

A

a skin condition that causes itchy eczema blisters to form on the hands and feet

128
Q

What pathogen causes hand foot and mouth?

A

Coxackie virus

129
Q

What is Nikolsky’s sign?

A

Skin slough’s off due to toxic epidermal necrolysis - usually due to drug induced reactions

130
Q

How is fungal infection tested?

A

Scraping for mycology

131
Q

What skin rash can occur with TB?

A

Erythema nodusm

132
Q

What is definition of erythroderma?

A

Any condition that causes more than 90% of skin surface to become inflamed, erythematous and scaly

133
Q

Where does atopic dermatitis usually occur?

A

In flexures

134
Q

What is naevus flammus? - another word for port wine stain

A

Unilateral homogenous red to violet macule due to capillary vascular malformation - can occur anywhere but usually face - follows the trigeminal nerve (5th nerve) distribution can be a marker of underlying neuro or ophthalmological condition

135
Q

What is dobovet?

A

Gel containing both calcipotriol (vitamin d analogue) and betamethasone (steroid_

136
Q

For severe burns which fluid should be given?

A

Haartman or ringers lactate as it most closely resembles plasma and contains a small amount of lactate which can buffer any metabolic acidosis due to the burnH

137
Q

What is the formula to work out how much fluid to give burn patient?

A

Parkland formula: 4ml x weight x total body surface area (burned)
Half of the total fluid volume should be given within the first 8 hours, and the other half within the next 16 hours

138
Q

What is Necrobiosis lipoidica?

A

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare, chronic skin condition predominantly associated with diabetes mellitus. It can also occur in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis
Shiny well-defined plaques waxy and yellow with overlying telangiectasia

139
Q

What is 1st line treatment for verucas for HPV?

A

Salicylic acid

140
Q

What may be an initial common complaint a patient with acitinic keratosis may come with when starting 5 fluoruracil treatment?

A

The lesion looks worse for the first 4 weeks

141
Q

What are dermal melanocytosis (mongolian spot)?

A

Blue / grey birth mirk

142
Q

When do mongolian spots dissapear?

A

By age 4

143
Q

Which have better reinnervation, sensation and stress tolerance FTSG or STSG?

A

FTSG + less susceptible to scarring and contractures

144
Q

What are desmogleins auto antibodies to?

A

Desmosomes

145
Q

What is koebner’s phenomenon

A

In psoriasis - appearance of new skin lesions of a pre-existing dermatosis on areas of cutaneous injury in otherwise healthy skin. can look like scar lines

146
Q

Difference in what’s attacked in vulgaris vs bullous pemphigoid?

A

Vulgaris: desmosomes
Bullous: Hemidesmosomes

147
Q

What is asteatotic eczema?

A

Asteatotic eczema is a common type of dermatitis that occurs as a result of dry skin and is primarily due to water loss from the stratum corneum.
Present with ‘ crazy paving’ pattern on low limbs
Can be associated with diuretic use and hypothyroid and dry winter climates.

UKMLA (12 decks)

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