Nephrology

Question 1

What increases the risk of urate renal stones

Answer 1

gout

ileostomy: loss of bicarbonate and fluid results in acidic urine, causing the precipitation of uric acid

Question 2

what increases the risk of calcium renal stones

Answer 2

drugs that promote calcium stones: loop diuretics, steroids, acetazolamide, theophylline
thiazides can prevent calcium stones (increase distal tubular calcium resorption)

Question 3

what is the most important HLA type involved in renal graft rejection

Answer 3

HLA DR

Question 4

what are the other complications of poly cystic kidney disease

Answer 4

liver cysts (70% - the commonest extra-renal manifestation): may cause hepatomegaly
berry aneurysms (8%): rupture can cause subarachnoid haemorrhage
cardiovascular system: mitral valve prolapse, mitral/tricuspid incompetence, aortic root dilation, aortic dissection
cysts in other organs: pancreas, spleen; very rarely: thyroid, oesophagus, ovary

Question 5

give an inherited cause or recurrent renal stones

Answer 5

cystinuria

Question 6

which glomerulonephritis is associated with podocyte fusion

Answer 6

minima change disease

Question 7

give causes of glomerulonephritis which result in low complement levels

Answer 7

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
subacute bacterial endocarditis
systemic lupus erythematosus
mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis

Question 8

what type of renal stones does proteus mirablis predispose to

Answer 8

struvite

Question 9

what organism most commonly causes peritonitis in patients recieing peritoneal dialysis

Answer 9

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus is the most common cause of peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis

Question 10

what is the most common form of renal disease in SLE

Answer 10

diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis - also most severe

Question 11

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease type 1 is associated with a gene defect in:

Answer 11

chromosome 16

Question 12

what conditions are associated with IgA nephropathy

Answer 12

alcoholic cirrhosis
coeliac disease/dermatitis herpetiformis
Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Question 13

where does spironlactone work

Answer 13

aldosterone antagonist which acts in the cortical collecting duct - distal part of distal tubule.

Question 14

what medication can give a false low PSA

Answer 14

finasteride

Question 15

alports syndrome occurs due to a defect in

Answer 15

type IV collagen

Question 16

what antibody is associated with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis

Answer 16

anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies

Question 17

what antibodies mediate acute graft rejections

Answer 17

IgG

Question 18

what type of GN do patients develop secondary to malignancy

Answer 18

membranous

Question 19

what antibody is associatd with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis

Answer 19

anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies

Question 20

what immunosuppresing drug used in renal transplantation is associated with hyperkalaemia

Answer 20

tacrolimus

Question 21

what is the empirical treatment of infection of peritoneal dialysis

Answer 21

oral cipro and intraperitoneal vanc

Question 22

what is the mode of inheritance of alports

Answer 22

x linked dominant