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Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the Nephron concentrates urine?

A

medulla

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2
Q

What is Goldblatt’s Kidney?

A

Flea-bitten kidney (ruptured capillaries from high blood pressure)

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3
Q

What is Azotemia?

A

Increased BUN/Creatinine ratio

renal failure

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4
Q

What is uremia?

A

Azotemia (renal failure) with symptoms

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5
Q

What is Nephritic Kidney Disease?

A

Inflammation with protein loss <3.5 in urine

Increased size of Fenestrations, RBC casts, HTN

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6
Q

What is Nephrotic Kidney Disease?

A

Lostbasement membrange charge
Proteinuria >3.5
hypercoagulable
lipiduria

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7
Q

What is seen in RPGN?

A

Crescents

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8
Q

What is Drug Induced Hypersensitivity?

A

Eosinophils in the urine

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9
Q

What is PSGN?

A

Most common in kids. Subepithelial humps (IgG/C3/C4 deposition) lumpy bumpy on EM and ASO antibodies

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10
Q

What is MGM?

A

BM spikes, granular/linear supepithelial spikes and closes

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11
Q

What is MPGN

A

Tram tracks seen (Type II has low C3) on LM

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12
Q

What is MCD?

A

Most common nephrotic in kids, fused foot processes, no renal failure, loss of charge barrier

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13
Q

What is FSGS?

A

Most common in IVDA, AA, Hispanics and HIV patients

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14
Q

What are the Vasculitis associated with LOW C3?

A 
"PMS in Salt Lake City"
Post-Strep GN
Membranoproliferative
Glomerulonephritis Type II
Sub Bacterial endocarditis
Serum Sickness
Lupus
Cryoglobulinemia
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15
Q

What is the Most Common Cause of Kidney Stones?

A

Dehydration

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16
Q

What is the Most common type of Kidney Stone?

A

Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Oxalate

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17
Q

What type of Kidney Stones have Coffin-Lid Crystals?

A

Triple Phosphate (Struvite)

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18
Q

What type of kidney stones have Rosette Crystals?

A

Uric acid

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19
Q

What type of kidney stones have hexagonal crystals?

A

Cysteine

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20
Q

What type of kidney stones have envelope or dumbbell-shaped crystals?

A

oxalate

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21
Q

What disease has Aniridia?

A

Wilms Tumor

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22
Q

What disease has Iridocyclitis?

A

Juvenile TA

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23
Q

What is Phimosis?

A

Foreskin scarred at penis head

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24
Q

What is Paraphimosis?

A

Foreskin scarre at penis base

foreskin will strangulate the gland

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25
What is Urge incontinence?
Urgency leads to complete voiding detrusor spasticity leads to small bladder volume
26
What is Stress Incontinence?
Weak pelvic floor muscles, urinating when coughing, laughing, etc. Estrogen effect
27
What is Overflow Incontinence?
Cannot completely empty bladder
28
What structures have one-way valves?
Urethra and ejaculatory duct
29
What structures have Fake sphincters?
Ureters, LES, Ileocecal valve
30
What has WBC Casts?
Nephritis
31
What has WBC Casts ONLY?
Pyelonephritis
32
What has WBC casts and eosinophils?
Interstitial Nephritis (Allergies)
33
What has WBC Casts and RBC Casts?
Glomerulonephritis
34
What has Fat Casts?
Nephrotic Syndrome
35
What has Waxy Casts?
Chronic Renal Failure
36
What has Tubular Casts?
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
37
What has Muddy Brown Casts?
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
38
What has Hyaline Casts?
Normal sloughing
39
What has Epithelial Casts?
Normal sloughing
40
What has Crescents?
RPGN
41
How do you measure afferent renal function?
Creatinine or Inulin
42
How do you measure efferent renal function?
BUN or PAH
43
What is the afferent arteriole's job?
Monitor pressure (JG cells-Renin release)
44
What is the efferent arteriole's job?
To secrete
45
What can you measure to test afferent arteriole's function?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or Inulin
46
What can you measure to test afferent arteriole's function?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or Inulin
47
How do you test efferent arteriole function?
Renal plasma flow (RPF) or PAH
48
What is Pre-Renal Failure?
Low flow to kidney; BUN; Creatinine ratio >20/1 in the serum
49
What is intra-Renal Failure?
Damaged Glomerulus or tubules; BUN: Creatinine Ratio <20/1
50
What is Post-Renal Failure?
Obstruction (hydronephrosis)
51
What is the job of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
Reabsorb Glucose, Amino Acids, Salt, Bicarb. >60-80% Reabsorption occurs here
52
What is the job of the Thin Descending Loop of Henle?
Reabsorbs Water
53
What is the job of the TAL of Henle?
Makes the concentration gradient by reabsorbing Na, K, Cl, Mg, and Ca without water. (Impermeable to H2O)
54
What is the job of the early distal tubule?
Concentrate urine by reabsorbing NaCl
55
What is the job of the late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct?
Final concentration of urine by reabsorbing water and excretion of acid
56
What does the Macula Densa do?
Measures osmolality (osmoles of solute-kg)
57
What does the JGA do?
Measures volume, secretes renin (low volume state)
58
What is Fanconi Syndrome?
Due to old Tetracycline use | Produces Urine phosphates, Glucose, and Amino Acids
59
What is Bartter's Syndrome?
JG cell hyperplasia with renin excess, no increase in blood pressure, defect in kidney's ability to reabsorb potassium
60
What is Psychogenic Polydipsia?
Drinking a lot of water, diluting Na in blood
61
What is Hepatorenal Syndrome?
High urea from the Liver leads to: increased Glutaminase, Ammonia, GABA- Kidney shuts down
62
What is Type I RTA?
Distal RTA: H/K in collecting duct is broken, high urine pH
63
What is Type 2 RTA?
Proximal RTA: bad Carbonic Anhydrase, lost all HCO3-
64
What is Central Pontine Myelinolysis?
This happens when you correct serum sodium faster than 0.5 mEq/hr. (infarct the PONS- patient can only blink)
65
What disease states have increased Anion Gap?
``` "MUDPILES" Methanol Uremia DKA Paraldehyde/Phenoformin INH/ Iron tablets Lactic Acidosis Ethylene Glycol Salicylates ```
66
What are the IgA Nephropathies?
HSP Berger's Alport Syndrome
67
What is the most common Nephrotic disease in diabetics?
Nodular Sclerosis
68
What is the most common Nephrotic disease complication with cancer?
Amyloidosis

WPC (16 decks)

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