Neurology Flashcards
what is the Central Nervous System?
Brain and spinal cord, Myelination by the oligodendrocytes
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
Everything except the brain and spinal cord. Myelination by the schwann cells
What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
Automatic stuff… i.e. breathing, heartbeat
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
Moving your muscles
What is the Parasympathetic System?
Rest and digest, slows stuff down
How does the Parasympathetic System behave?
"DUMBBELS" Diarrhea Urination Miosis "Constrict" Bradycardia Bronchoconstriction Erection "Point" Lacrimation Salivation
What is the Sympathetic System?
Fight -or- Flight, speeds stuff up
How does the Sympathetic System behave?
Opposite of Parasympathetic: Constipation Urinary retention Mydriasis - "Eyes wide with fright" Tachycardia Bronchodilate Ejaculation "Shoot" Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) Xerostomia (Dry mouth)
What is Cushing’s Triad?
HTN, Bradycardia, irregular breathing
What is Budd-Chiari
Hepatic vein obstruction
What is Arnold-Chiari?
Foramen Magnum obstruction
What is Anencephaly?
Notochord did not make contact with the brain - only have the medulla
What is an Encephalocele?
Brain tissue herniation
What is a Dandy Walker malformation?
No cerebellum, distended 4th and lateral ventricles
What is an Arnold-Chiari Malformation?
Herniation of cerebellum through Foramen Magnum
Type 1: Cerebellar tonsils (asymptomatic)
Type 2: Cerebellar vermis/ medulla – Hydrocephalus, Syringomyelia (loss of pain and temerature)
What is Spina bifida occulta?
Covered by skin with a tuft of hair
What is Spina bifida aperta?
Has opening (High AFP)
What is a Meningocele?
Sacral pocket with meninges in it
What is a Meningomyelocele?
Sacral pocket with meninges and nerves in it
What is open-angle glaucoma?
Overproduction of fluid, painless Ipsilateral dilated pupil, gradual tunnel vision, optic disc cupping
What is Closed-angle glaucoma?
Obstruction of canal of Schlemm, there is a sudden onset pain, emergency
What are the Water shed areas?
Hippocampus, splenic flexure
What bug loves the frontal lobe?
Rubella
What bug loves the temporal love?
HSV
What bug loves the parietal lobe?
Toxoplasma
What bug loves the hippocampus?
Rabies
What bug loves the posterior fossa?
TB
What bug loves the DCML tract?
Treponema
How do migraines present?
Auro, photophobia, numbness and tingling, throbbing headache, nausea
How do tension headaches present?
“Band-like” pain starts in posterior neck, increases throughout the day, sleep disturbance
How do cluster headaches present?
Rhinorrhea, unilateral orbital pain, suicidal, facial flushing, worse with lying down
How does temporal arteritis present?
Pain with chewing, blind in one eye
How does trigeminal neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) present?
Sharp, shooting face pain, recurrent episodes
What are the 2 kinds of partial seizures?
Simple (aware), complex (not aware)
What are the 3 kinds of generalized seizures?
Tonic-clonic “Grand Mal”
Absence “Petit Mal”
Status Epilepticus
How does an epidural hematoma present?
Intermittent consciousness (lucid interval)
How does a Subarachnoid hemorrhage present?
“Worst headache of my life”, hx. of Berry aneurysm
How does a Subdural Hematoma present?
Headache 4 weeks after trauma, elderly (loose brain)
What is an Astrocytoma?
Rosenthal fibers - #1 in kids with occipital headache
What is an Ependymoma?
Rosettes present in the 4th Ventricle, Hydrocephalus
What is a Craniopharyngioma?
Motor oil biopsy, tooth enamel, Rathke’s Pouch, ADH problem, Bitemporal Hemianopsia
What is Glioblastoma multiforme?
Pseudopalisading necrosis, worst prognosis
intralesional hemorrhage
What is a Hemangioblastoma?
In the cerebellum, associated with VHL
What is a Meduloblastoma?
Pseudorosettes compressing the brain, early morning vomiting
What is Meningioma?
Located parasagittal
Psammoma bodies present
whirling pattern
best prognosis
What are the most common places to metastasize to the brain?
From the lung, breast, and skin, present at the White-Grey Junction
What is an Oligodendroglioma?
Fried egg appearance, Nodular Calcification
What is a Pinealoma?
Loss of upward gaze, loss of circadian rhythms lead to precocious puberty
What is a Schwannoma?
CN-8 tumor, unilateral deafness
What is Neurofibromatosis?
Cafe’ au laut spots (hyperpigmentation)
Peripheral nerve tumors, axillary freckles
Type 1: Von Recklinghausen’s– Chromosome 17, peripheral, optic glioma, Lisch nodules, scoliosis
Type 2: Acoustic Neuroma, Central, Chromosome 22, cataracts, bilateral deafness
What is Sturge-Weber?
Port wine stain (big purple spot) on forehead
angioma of retina
Epilepsy
Mental retardation
What is Tuberous Sclerosis?
Ashleaf spots (hypopigmentation) Primary brain tumors Heart Rhabdomyolysis Renal cell CA Shagreen spots (leathery)
What is Benign Positional Vertigo?
Sensation of room spinning
Nausea/Vomiting
Nystagmus without hearing loss or tinnitus
Onset of symptoms when change position
What is Vestibular Neuritis?
Inflammation of the vestibular portion (CN8), Could be associated with viral infection, characterized by vertigo and dizziness
What is Labyrinthitis?
Inflammation of the Cochlear portion of the inner ear, present with hearing loss and tinnitus
What is Meniere’s Disease?
Same presentation as Labyrinthitis but is a chronic condition with remitting and relapsing episodes
