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WPC > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Non-programmed cell death. Nucleus destroyed first

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2
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death, no inflammation, and cell membrane dissolved first. Nucleus guides death & destroyed last

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3
Q

What is Pyknosis?

A

Nucleus turns into blobs. (shrinkage)

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4
Q

What is Karyorrhexis?

A

Nucleus fragments

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5
Q

What is Karyolysis?

A

Nucleus dissolves

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6
Q

What is a Somatotrope?

A

Growth hormone

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7
Q

What is a Gonadotrope?

A

LH and FSH

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8
Q

What is a Thyrotrope?

A

TSH

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9
Q

What is a Corticotrope?

A

ACTH

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10
Q

What is a Lactotrope?

A

PRL – Prolactin

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11
Q

What receptors do Protein Hormones use?

A

Cell membrane receptors

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12
Q

What receptors do Steroid Hormones use?

A

Nuclear membrane receptors (except cortisol cytoplasmic receptor)

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13
Q

What are the Steroid Hormones?

A

Progesterone, Estradiol (E2), Testosterone, Cortisol, and Aldosterone

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14
Q

What does Endocrine mean?

A

Secreted into bood

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15
Q

What does Exocrine mean?

A

Secreted into a duct

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16
Q

What is Autocrine?

A

Works on itself. (except T-cell activation)

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17
Q

What is Paracrine?

A

Works on its neighbor. (except sweat gland)

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18
Q

What is Merocrine?

A

Cell is maintained. (exocytosis)

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19
Q

What is Apocrine?

A

Apex of the cell is secreted

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20
Q

What is Holocrine?

A

The whole cell is secreted. (except sebaceous gland)

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21
Q

What organs do not require insulin to absorb glucose?

A

“BRICKLE”: Brain, RBC, Intestine, Cardiac / Cornea, Kidney, Liver and Exercising muscle

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22
Q

What is the function of GnRH?

A

Stimulates release of LH & FSH

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23
Q

What is the function of GRH?

A

Stimulates GH release

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24
Q

What is the function of CRH?

A

Stimulates ACTH release

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25
Q

What is the function of TRH?

A

Stimulates TSH release

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26
Q

What is the function of PRH?

A

Stimulates Prolactin (PRL) release

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27
Q

What does Dopamine (DA) do?

A

Inhibits Prolactin (PRL) release

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28
Q

What does Somatostatin (SS) do?

A

Inhibits growth hormone (GH) release

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29
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?

A

Conserves water (V2 aquaporin receptors) and vasoconstriction

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30
Q

What does Oxytocin do?

A

Milk letdown and uterine contractions

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31
Q

What does Growth Hormone (GH) do?

A

Stimulates Insulin Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) release from the liver

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32
Q

What is the function of TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)?

A

Stimulates release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid.
T3= Triiodothyronine
T4= Thyroxine

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33
Q

What is the fucntion of LH (Luteinizing hormone)?

A

Stimulates Testosterone release from the testis, Androgens and Progesterone release from the ovary

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34
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Male: sperm, MIF, inhibin B
Female: Stimulates Estradiol (E2)

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35
Q

What is the function of Prolactin (PRL)?

A

Milk production

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36
Q

What is the function of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)?

A

Stimulates Cortisol and Androgen releases from the adrenal gland

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37
Q

What is the fucntion of MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormones)?

A

Provides skin pigmentation

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38
Q

What are the Stress Hormones and when do they appear?

A

Immediately Epinephrine, Glucagon (20 minutes), Insulin & ADH (30 minutes), Cortisol (2-4 hours), and growth hormone (24 hours)

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39
Q

What is the Primary Diabetes Insipidus (DI)?

A

Too much water (urinates a lot)

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40
Q

What is Central (neurogenic) diabetes insipidus?

A

Brain not making or producing enough ADH

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41
Q

What is Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

ADH (V2 aquaporin) is blocked or broken. Lithium association and Demeclocycline

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42
Q

What does the Water Deprivation Test tell you?

A

If the patient fails to concentrate urine, they do not have Primary DI

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43
Q

What does giving DDAVP during the Water deprivation tests tell you?

A

> 50% increase (central complete DI),
10-50% increase (central partial DI),
<10% (psychogenic polydipsia),
no change (nephrogenic DI)

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44
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Too much ADH present causes plasma volume to expand Serum Na+ less than 120

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45
Q

What is the difference between DI and SIADH?

A

DI: diluted urine
SIADH: concentrated urine

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46
Q

What is the Psychogenic Polydipsia?

A

Pathologic water drinking will have low plasma osmolality

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47
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

Reabsorbs Na+ and three waters

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48
Q

What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide do?

A

Inhibits aldosterone and dilates the afferent arteriole

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49
Q

What is a Neuroblastoma?

A

Adrenal medulla tumor in kids, dancing eyes and feet and secretes catecholamine’s

50
Q

Whatis Pheochromocytoma?

A

Adrenal medulla tumor in adults, they will have five P’s: Palpitations, Perspiration, Pallor, Pressure (HTN), and Pain (headache)

51
Q

What are the layers of the Adrenal Cortex and what do they produce?

A 
Zona Glomerulosa (Aldosterone),
Zona Fasciculate (Cortisol),
Zona Reticularis (Androgens)
52
Q

What is Conn’s Syndrome?

A

High Aldosterone (primary tumor), Cpatopril test makes it worse, and increase’s secretin hormone

53
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Inhibits Osteoclasts and binds to calcium

54
Q

What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I?

A

“Wermer’s” 3 P’s: Pancreas, Pituitary, Parathyroid adenoma

55
Q

What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia II (2A)?

A

“Sipple’s” Pheochromocytoma, Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid, Parathyroid Adenoma. (tumor marker RET)

56
Q

What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia III (2B)?

A

Pheochromocytoma, Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid, Mucosal Neuromas/ Marfanoid body habitus. (tumor marker RET)

57
Q

What does CCK (Cholecystokinin) do?

A

Stimulates bile release and gallbladder contraction, inhibits gastric motility (closes sphincters), and made by I-cell of duodenum

58
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis and thins the skin, prevents and immune response, and decrease bone mass

59
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex, causes hyperpigmentation (looks tan), and increased ACTH

60
Q

What is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (WSF) or Hemorrhagic Adrenalitis or Fulminant Meningococcemia?

A

Adrenal hemorrhage most commonly due to Meningococcus Neisseria Meningitides

61
Q

What can cause Cushing’s syndrome?

A

High cortisol produced from an adrenal tumor

62
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

High ACTH due to pituitary tumor or Small cell carcinoma of the lungs

63
Q

When performing a low does dexamethasone test, a depression in ACTH levels occur, what does that tell you?

A

Patient is either depressed, obese, or it’s a normal variant, if the low dose Dexamethasone test does not suppress…

64
Q

When performing a high dose dex. Test, if positive…

A

Patient has a pituitary tumor

65
Q

Negative high dose Dex. and High ACTH levels?

A

Ectopic ACTH- small cell CA of the lungs

66
Q

Negative high dose Dex. and low ACTH levels?

A

Adrenal CA (high cortisol)

67
Q

What are the Survival Hormones?

A

Cortisol: permissive under stress.
TSH: permissive under normal

68
Q

What does epinephrine (Epi) do?

A

Drives gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

69
Q

What does erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

Makes RBC’s (prolong RBC life)

70
Q

What does Gastrin do?

A

Stimulates parietal cells to release intrinsic factor (IF) and H+

71
Q

What does Growth Hormone (GH) do?

A

Stimulates growth, sends Somatomedin to growth plates, Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis

72
Q

What is achondroplasia (Laron Dwarf)?

A

Patient with abnormal FGF receptors in exremities. (abnormal FGF3)

73
Q

What is the receptor problem with Midgets?

A

Patient with decreased Somatomedin receptor sensitivity

74
Q

What is Acromegaly?

A

Growth hormone tumor producing increased IGF-1 causing: bone growth in adults, coarse facial features, large furrowed tongue, deep husky voice, jaw protrusion

75
Q

What is Gigantism?

A

Childhood form of Acromegaly

76
Q

What does Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) do?

A

Increases insulin action, responsible for post-prandial hypoglycemia

77
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

Active in Gluconeogenesis, Glucogenolysis, Lipolysis, and Ketogenesis

78
Q

What does Insulin do?

A

Pushes glucose into cells and K+ follows

79
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Anti-islet cell antibody /GAD (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase) antibody.

80
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and associations?

A

Insulin receptor insensitivity, HONK coma, Acanthosis Nigricans

81
Q

How does DKA present?

A

Kussmaul respirations, fruity breath (acetone), and altered mental status

82
Q

What is the Dawn Phenomenon?

A

Morning hyperglycemia secondary to Growth Hormone

83
Q

What is the Somogyi Effect?

A

Morning hyperglycemia secondary to evening hypoglycemia

84
Q

What is factitious hypoglycemia?

A

Exogenous insulin use, labs show elevated insulin and decreased C-peptide

85
Q

What is an Insulinoma?

A

Insulin secreting tumor, labs show increased insulin and C-peptide

86
Q

What is Erythrasma?

A

Rash in the skin folds, coral-red under Wood’s Lamp

87
Q

What is Metabolic Syndrome X?

A

“Pre-DM” due to HTN, Dyslipidemia, Hyperinsulinemia, and Acanthosis Nigricans

88
Q

What are the Foot Ulcer Risk Factors?

A

Poor glycemic control (HbA1C >7), smoking, bony abnormalities, previous ulcers

89
Q

What conditions cause weight gain?

A

Obesity, Hypothyroidism, Depression, Cushing’s, Anasarca

90
Q

What does motilin do?

A

Stimulates segmentation, primary peristalsis, and migrating motor complexes (MMC)

91
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Stimulates osteoblast to activate osteoclasts, stimulates the reabsorption of Ca+ and the excretion of phosphate in the kidneys, and activation of vitamin D

92
Q

What does Vitamin D do?

A

Helps in calcium absorption from the GI tract

93
Q

What does the parathyroid cells secrete?

A

PTH

94
Q

What do stomach chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsin

95
Q

What is the difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

NE: Neurotransmitter
EPI: Hormone

96
Q

What diagnosis has primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid Adenoma

97
Q

What diagnosis has secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Renal failure

98
Q

What is familial Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia?

A

Patients with decreased calcium excretion

99
Q

What disease process is present when both Serum Ca2+ and Serum Phosphate (PO4-) are decreased?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

100
Q

What type of problem is there if serum Ca2+ and Serum PO4- change in same directions?

A

This is a secondary problem

101
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hypoparathyroidism?

A

Thyroidectomy

102
Q

What is pseudo-hypoparathyroidism?

A

Bad kidney, PTH receptor, decreased urinary, cAMP

103
Q

What is pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidsm?

A

G-Protein defect, and there is no calcium problem

104
Q

What is Hungry Bone Syndrome?

A

Removal of PTH and the bone sucks in calcium

105
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Secretion of bicarbonate, inhibit gastrin, tighten Pyloric Sphincter, and secreted by S-cell Duodenum

106
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits secretin, motilin, and CCK

107
Q

What is the function of T3 and T4?

A

Growth and differentiation

108
Q

What disease has exophthalmos?

A

Grave’s disease

109
Q

What other diseases can have exophthalmos?

A

Horner’s and Marfan’s

110
Q

What are the hyperthyroid diseases?

A 
Grave's
DeQuervain's
Silent Thyroiditis
Plummer's
Jod-Basedow
111
Q

What do you see in Grave’s Disease?

A

Exophthalmos, Pretibial myxedema, anti-TSH receptor antibodies

112
Q

What do you see in DeQuervain’s disease?

A

Viral origin, painful jaw, hypothyroid

113
Q

When do you see silent thyroiditis?

A

Post-partum patients

114
Q

When will you see Plummer’s Disease?

A

Patients with benign adenoma and or patients over 50 yrs. old. In an iodine scan, it looks like a nodular patter

115
Q

What is Jod-Basedow Disease?

A

Transient hyperthyroidism due to increased iodine

116
Q

What are the hypothyroid diseases?

A

Hashimoto’s, Riedel’s, Cretinism, Euthyroid SIck syndrome, Wolff-Chaikoff

117
Q

What is Riedel’s Struma?

A

“Woody” connective tissue in neck, death due to suffocation and must rule out CA

118
Q

What is Cretinism?

A

Mom and baby are hypothyroid

119
Q

What is Euthyroid Sick Syndrome?

A

LOW T3 Syndrome and decreased conversion of T4 to T3 (increased T3r)

120
Q

What is Wolff-CHaikoff?

A

Transient hypothyroidism

121
Q

What is Plummer’s Syndrome?

A

Hyperthyroid adenoma

122
Q

What is Plummer-Vinson Syndrome?

A

Esophageal webs, Iron-deficiency anemia, dysphagia

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