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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Which cytokine is released when a macrophage is activated?

A

IL-1

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2
Q

Which cytokines do T-helper cells stimulate?

A

All IL’s except IL-1

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3
Q

Which enlarged lymph nodes are most likely malignant?

A

Supraclavicular, Epitrochlear (above the elbow), inguinal

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4
Q

What is CD8?

A

T-killer or T-suppressor cell

Responds to MHC-1 complex (self)

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5
Q

Which of your cells express MHC-1?

A

All nucleated cells except the immune-privileged cells/tissues, RBC’s and Platelets

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6
Q

What are the classifications of MHC-1?

A

HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C

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7
Q

What are the Immuno-privileged sites?

A

Areas of the body that have no lymphatic flow, no antigens, and these areas can be transplanted without fear of rejection (brain, cornea, thymus, and testes) they do not express MHC-1

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8
Q

Which cells express MHC-2?

A

Antigen presenting cells

macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils

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9
Q

What are the classifications of MHC-2?

A

HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR

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10
Q

What are CD4 cells?

A

T-helper cell - Responds to MHC-2 (foreign attack)

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11
Q

What type of immunity does TH1 provide?

A

Enhances cell mediated immunity

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12
Q

What type of immunity does TH2 provide?

A

Enhances humoral immunity

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13
Q

What do B cell deficiency patients die of?

A

Bacterial infection?

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14
Q

What is Common Variable Immuno. Def?

A

Young adults with B cells that do not work

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15
Q

What is Bruton’s Agammaglobulinemia?

A

Kids ( < 1 y/o) with defective tyrosine kinase; they have no antibodies and have x-linked transmission

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16
Q

What is Job’s Syndrome?

A

Seen in red headed females

they are stuck in the IgE stage

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17
Q

What is Multiple Myeloma?

A

Multiple osteolytic lesions
Increased IgG and kappa light chains
Rouleaux formation seen on slide

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18
Q

What is Heavy Chain Disease?

A

IgA and Multiple Myeloma of the GI tract

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19
Q

What is selective IgG2 Deficiency?

A

Seen in patients with recurrent encapsulated infections

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20
Q

What is Selective IgA Deficiency?

A

Seen in transfusion, anaphylaxis, and mucus membrane infections

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21
Q

What is Hairy Cell Leukemia?

A

Cells have a fried egg/ Sunburst appearance and TRAP +

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22
Q

What is Ataxia Telangiectasia?

A

Patients have low IgA and neurological problems, difficulty ambulating and spider like blood vessels

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23
Q

What is Hyper IgM Syndrome?

A

High IgM and all other Ig’s are low

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24
Q

What do T cell deficiency patients die of?

A

Viral infections, fungal, etc

except bacterial

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25
What is DiGeorge Syndrome?
No Thymus, inferior Parathyroid and low calcium
26
What is Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis?
T-cell defect against Candida Albicans and chronic fatigue
27
What is SCID?
``` No Thymus (no T-cells) frayed long bones (no B-cells) baby dies by 18 months ```
28
What is Wiskott-Aldrich?
``` Low IgM, Low Platelets High IgA Eczema Petechiae X-linked ```
29
What does the viral load tell you?
Progression of HIV
30
What organs have the most CD4 receptors?
``` Blood vessels brain testicles cervix rectum ```
31
What are the 3 tests used to screen for HIV?
ELISA: Detects IgG Ab to p24 Ag Western Blot: Proteins PCR: Detects Virus (used in babies)
32
What is the definition of AIDS?
CD4 count less than 200 or defining illness
33
What are the LIVE Vaccines?
``` "Bring Your Own Very Small Virus and MMR" B - BCG Y - Yellow Fever O - OPV (Sabin) = oral polio V - Varicella S - Smallpox V - Rotavirus M - Measles = Rubeola M - Mumps R - Rubella = German 3 day measles ```
34
What is a Neutrophil?
The Phagocyte (it has Antimicrobials, most abundant)
35
What is an Eosinophil?
The parasite destroyer and allergy inducer
36
What is a Basophil?
The allergy helper (IgE receptor - histamine release)
37
What is a Monocyte?
The destroyer - macrophage (has hydrolytic enzymes and a coffee bean nucleus)
38
What is a Lymphocyte?
The warrior - T, B, and NK cells
39
What is a Platelet?
The clotter (has no nuclei and smallest cells)
40
What is a Blast?
Baby hematopoietic cell
41
What is a Band?
Baby Neutrophil
42
What is Chronic Granulomatous Disease?
NADPH Oxidase deficiency - they have recurrent Staph / Aspergillus infections (Nitro-blue Tetrazolium Stain Negative) or Dihydrorhodamine flow and Cytometry test
43
What does MPO deficiency cause?
Catalase positive infections
44
What is Chediak Higashi?
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome | Lysosomes are slow to fuse around bacteria
45
What is the most common transplant?
Blood transfusion
46
What is an Autograft?
Twin to twin (spare parts)
47
What is an Allograft?
Human to human transplant
48
What is a Xenograft?
1 species to another species (pig heart into humans)
49
What is a Hyperacute Rejection?
Autoimmune response within 12 hours, preformed antibodies responded This is a Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
50
What is an Acute Rejection?
Occurs 4 days to months later. T-cell and macrophage response
51
What is Chronic Rejection?
Occurs months to years later and fibroblasts are present
52
What is Graft vs. Host Disease?
When the graft attacks the body (T-Killer cells and macrophages responded)
53
What Diseases have a low LAP?
CML & PNH (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinemia)
54
What has high LAP?
Leukemoid reaction
55
What is the difference between Acute and Chronic Leukemia's?
Acute: started out in the bone marrow, squeezes RBC out of the marrow Chronic: started in the periphery, not constrained and will expand
56
What is the difference between Myeloid and Lymphoid Leukemia's?
Myeloid: increased RBC, WBC, platelets, macrophages (decreased Luymphoid cells) and bone marrow biopsy Lymphoid: increased NK, T, B cells (decreased Myeloid cells) and do lymph node biopsy
57
What defines ALL?
0-15 year old males, bone pain, + PAS stain and +TdT. CALLA antigen positive T (12;21)
58
What defines AML?
``` 15-30 y/o males Sudan Stain Auer Rods, (CD30) T (15;17) - D M3 AML subtype treat with ATRA ```
59
What defines CML?
30-50 y/o females t(9;22) Philadelphia Chromosome bcr-abl
60
What defines CLL?
50+ y/o males with lymphadenopathy soccer ball nuclei Present with autoimmune Hemolytic anemia
61
What defines Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
EBV and may have Reed-Sternberg cells
62
What are the B cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas?
Follicular: t(14;18) and bcl-2 Burkitt: t(8;14), c-myc, Starry sky, Macrophages in american kids: abdominal mass in african kids: jaw mass
63
What are the T-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
Mcosis Fungoides: total body rash | Sezary Syndrome: Cerebreform cells in the blood
64
What is Myelofibrosis?
Megakaryocytes, fibrotic bone marrow, teardrop cells (RBC's) and extramedullary Hematopoiesis
65
What are Plasma Neoplasms?
They produce many antibodies
66
What is Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia?
IgM and Hyperviscosity of the blood
67
What is Monoclonal Gammopathy of undetermined significance?
Old Person with Gamma Spike (from years of building up)
68
What is Multiple Myeloma?
``` Male >40 with lower back pain Serum M protein (IgG) Bence-Jones Proteins in the urine Rouleaux formation Punched out lesions on x-ray ```
69
What is Heavy Chain Disease?
Increased IgA

WPC (16 decks)

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