Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 6 > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Indications for dialysis

A

Hyperkalaemia
Fluid overload
Metabolic acidosis
Uraemic
CKD stage 5
Drugs intoxication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of RRT and when they are used

A

Haemofiltrations- AV fistula made
Used in IBD and ITU

Peritoneal- 1st

Transplant- 3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of ARF

A

Pre- sepsis or hypovolaemia

Renal- vasculitides, glomerulnephritis, ATN, AIN

Post renal- stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of intrinsic renal failure and sx

A

Vasculitis- HUS, TTP, DIC, GPA, eGPA

GLN- minimal, membranous- nephrotic syndrome

ATN- hypo perfusion, rhabdo- high urine sodium, low urine osmolarity

AIN- drugs- systemic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypovolaemia vs ATN

A

Urine sodium- low in hypo, high in ATN

Urine osmolarity- high in hypo, low in ATN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Drugs to stop in AKI

A

DAMN

Diuretics
ACEi/ARB- these are ok in CKD
Metformin
NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stages of AKI

A

1- increase of creatinine by 1.5-1.9
Or 0.5ml/kg/hr for 6hrs

2- 2-2.9
For 12 hrs

3- >3
For 0.3 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stages of CKD

A

1>90
2 60-90
3 30-60
4 15-30
5 <15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When to refer to nephrologist in CKD

A

GFR <30
Decrease >25% or by 15 in 12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Medical management of CKD

A

Phosphate binders- sevelamar

Vit D

IM erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Consequences of CKD

A

Acidosis, hyperkalaemia
Anaemia, bone disease
CVD
Uraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Non proliferative GLN

A

Nephrotic syndrome

Membranous- adults- SLE or drugs
Minimal- children
Focal segmenting- secondary to obesity to HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Proliferative GLN

A

Nephritic

IgA- 2-3d after URTI

Post infection- weeks

Rapid progressing
Vasculitis- GPA, eGPA
Anti-GBM- goodpastures- haemoptysis, nephritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Differentiating RPGLN

A

Saddle nose, epistaxis, haemoptysis, haematuria, cANCA- GPA

Asthma, eosinophils, nephritic- eGPA

Haemoptysis, haematuria, GBM AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

IgA nephropathy sx

A

Purpuric rash
Arthralgia
Abdo pain
GLN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Brown cells in urine

A

ATN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Red cast cells in urine

A

Nephritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mx of AD PKD

A

Tolvaptan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Features of AD PKD

A

Renal cysts
Liver cysts- hepatomegaly
Berry aneurysm
Mitral valve prolapse
Renal failure signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sx of renal cell carcinoma

A

Loin pain, mass and blood

Left varicocele

EPO- PC, PTHrP- hyper cal, renin, ACTH- Cushing

Cannon ball mets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mx of renal cell carcinoma

A

Nephrectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ATN vs AIN vs GLN

A

Urine drip

Blood- GLN

AIN- higher white cells because inflammatory process- allergic response

ATN- no cellular content- caused by ischaemia or nephrotoxic drugs- gentamicin
Poor response to fluid challenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Alports syndrome sx

A

Haematuria
Deafness
Progressive renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Causes of AIN

A

PANDA
Allergic response to drugs:
PPI
ABx
NSAIDs
Diuretics
Allopurinol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Causes of renal artery stenosis

A

Old- atherosclerosis
Young- fibromuscular dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fibromuscular dysplasia sx

A

String of beads on MR angiography
HTN
CKD- or acute after ACEi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Diagnosis of CKD

A

Reduced eGFR and markers of kidney disease
Proteinuria, haematuria, electrolyte abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which antigen is most important for renal transplant

A

HLA DR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How to tell CKD vs AKI on imagine

A

CKD- small
Apart from PKD, diabetic nephropathy early, amyloidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Organism associated with peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis

A

Coagulase negative staph
Staph epididimis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Monitoring of those with renal transplants

A

Malignancy- skin- sun exposure
Renal failure
CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How to tell if pre renal or renal from bloods

A

If Urea more than creatinine raise- pre renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tx of ACR >3 in CKD and DM

A

ACEi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Tx of ACR >3 in CKD and DM

A

ACEi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Types of tubule renal acidosis

A

All cause hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis

Type 1- unable to secrete H+- distal
Hypokalaemia
Causes renal stones

Type 2- proximal
Hypokalaemia
Osteomalacia

Type 3- rare

Type4- Hyperkalaemia
Low aldosterone

214- low low more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

AKI but with unknown aetiology and normal bloods Ix

A

Renal USS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What should all patients with CKD be started on

A

Statin

38
Q

Mx of AKI

A

Fluid assess
Bloods- set up ECG
Assess medication
Urinalysis
Imaging for post renal

Correct the cause

39
Q

Tx of hyperkalaemia

A

10% 10ml Calcium gluconate
10 U Insulin/dextrose
neb salbutamol
Calcium resonium
Dialysis

40
Q

If CKD and need contrast what do you give

A

IV fluids to dilate and reduce nephropathy

41
Q

How to tell if rhabdo caused AKI

A

If CK >10,000
Tea coloured urine

42
Q

What should be monitored with a patient With IgA neph

A

Blood pressure
Urinalysis

43
Q

Sx of IgA neph

A

After illness
Abdo pain
Arthritis
Rash

44
Q

Minimal change tx

A

Prednisolone

45
Q

Biopsy of membranous nephropathy

A

Thick BM
Sub epithelial spikes on silver staining

46
Q

Biopsy of focal segmenting

A

Focal and segmental sclerosis on light microscopy and foot effacement on EM

47
Q

Anti GBM biopsy

A

IgG along BM linear deposition

48
Q

CI to transplant

A

Cancer
Active infection
Severe Co morbidity

49
Q

Sx of urea build up

A

Grey tinge
Vomitting
Confusion
Seizure
Coma

50
Q

Pt with pain in hips after transplant

A

Avascular necrosis

51
Q

Why do those with replacing minimal change disease get repeated infections

A

Loss of IG in the urine

52
Q

If CKD and normocitic anaemia what is tx

A

SC erythropoietin only if no IDA

53
Q

What solution is use in peritoneal dialysis

A

1.5% glucose

54
Q

Dx of IgA nephropathy

A

Urinalysis, MCS
Biopsy

55
Q

Kidney stones order of Ix

A

Urine dip then CT

56
Q

Which drug can cause a rise in creatinine without affecting kidneys

A

Trimethoprim

57
Q

Types of chronic urinary retention

A

High pressure- if impaired renal function and bilateral hydronephrosis
Outflow obstruction

Low pressure- normal

58
Q

If proteinuria and diabetic what drugs can you give

A

ACEi
SGLT2
Better to catch at microalbuminuria as it is reversible

59
Q

Inheritance and chromosomes of PKD

A

AD
16 + 4- better

60
Q

Drug that reduces CKD progression in ADPKD

A

Tolvaptan

61
Q

If CKD post menopausal

A

Vit D- calcitriol and BP

62
Q

Early testing for CKD in DM

A

Early morning ACR

63
Q

What can cause FSG

A

HIV

64
Q

DVT with low albumin dx and reasoning

A

Nephrotic syndrome
Allows loss of antithrombin 3 and plasminogen

65
Q

Outcome for those with minimal change

A

1/3 never again
2/3 later reoccurrence

66
Q

Types of hepatorenal sx

A

1- acute <2 weeks
2- slow

67
Q

Excretion of DOACs

A

Dab- renal
Rivaroxaban- liver livarox
Apixiban- faecal - good if renal impaired

68
Q

Large kidneys in chronic kidney disease

A

HIV induced
PKD
Early diabetic
Amyloid

69
Q

Anaemia in CKD tx

A

Correct IDA first with supplements then
EPO

70
Q

Ix of PKD

A

Ultrasound

71
Q

High phosphate in CKD

A

Diet mod 1st then binders 2nd

72
Q

How long does it take for AV fistula to be ready

A

6-8 weeks

73
Q

Which murmur is heard in PKD

A

Mitral valve prolapse
Click and regurg

74
Q

Tx of hyper acute rejection

A

Remove kidney

75
Q

Which medications do not worsen AKI but have to be stopped due to toxicity

A

Metformin
Digoxin
Lithium

76
Q

SE of calcium acetate

A

Calcium binders- cause hypercalcaemia and vascular calcification

Used to reduce phosphate

77
Q

Selevemer moa

A

Phosphate binder- used in CKD

78
Q

What is indicative that the patient has nephrogenic DI instead of cranial from history

A

Kindey damage ie low GFR

79
Q

Investigating diabetic nephropathy

A

Measure ACR- can be spot test which if abnormal- >2.5
First pass- if + in 2/3 specimens with absence of infection

80
Q

Loss of vision after renal transplant

A

CMV retinitis

81
Q

Tx of rhabdo

A

Iv saline

82
Q

eGFR variables

A

CAGE

Creatinine
Age
Gender
Ethnicity

83
Q

Indication for dialysis

A

K >6.5
Fluid overload
<7.1 pH
Uraemia
CKD 5

84
Q

Dx of post strep glomerulonephritis

A

Anti strep O titre

85
Q

If AKI what ix do you have to do

A

US renal tract

86
Q

Acute vs chronic graft rejection

A

Acute <6 month - rising pyuria, proteinuria and creatine
Confirmed with biopsy

87
Q

Rhabdo features

A

Tea coloured urine
High K
Low Ca

88
Q

What test can determine ATN

A

Poor response to fluid challenge

89
Q

SE of EPO

A

Flu like
HTN
Encephalopathy
pure red cell aplasia

90
Q

What should all CKD patients be on

A

Statin

91
Q

What scan should CKD patients have

A

DEXA

Year 6 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions