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ACP Board Basics 3 > Nephro > Flashcards

Nephro Flashcards

1
Q

Urine dipstick technology only detects albumin excretion of this rate

A

> 300-500 mg/24 h

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2
Q

Definition of abnormal urine protein-creatinine ratio

A

> 0.2 mg/mg

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3
Q

Condition associated with broad, muddy brown casts in urine

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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4
Q

Formula for urine anion gap

A

(Na + K) - Cl

Normal: 30-50 meq/L

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5
Q

A large negative urine anion gap points to this origin of metabolic acidosis

A

Extrarenal

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6
Q

A delta-delta value <1 is suggestive that the anion gap acidosis is accompanied by this condition

A

Normal-anion gap acidosis

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7
Q

Expected ratio between the change in anion gap and change in plasma bicarbonate (delta-delta)

A

1-2

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8
Q

A delta-delta value >2 is suggestive that the anion gap acidosis is accompanied by this condition

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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9
Q

Normal plasma osmolal gap

A

10 mosm/kg H2O

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10
Q

Most common cause of alcohol poisoning

A

Ethanol

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11
Q

Osmolal gap in alcohol poisoning

A

High

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12
Q

Diagnosis: alcohol poisoning with somnolence or coma and normal acid-base homeostasis

A

Isopropyl alcohol

Tx: IV fluids and gastric lavage if mild; hemodialysis if with hypotension/shock

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13
Q

Diagnosis: alcohol poisoning with severe anion gap metabolic acidosis, acute visual symptoms, and severe abdominal pain

A

Methanol (pancreatitis and retinal toxicity)

Tx: fomepizole and hemodialysis

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14
Q

Diagnosis: alcohol poisoning with severe anion gap metabolic acidosis and acute kidney injury

A

Ethylene glycol

Tx: fomepizole and hemodialysis

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15
Q

Diagnosis: alcohol poisoning with anion gap metabolic acidosis and ketoacidosis

A

Ethanol

Tx: IV normal saline and glucose for alcoholic ketoacidosis

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16
Q

Cause of pseudohyponatremia

A

Severe hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia

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17
Q

Most common osmotically active substance that causes hypertonic hyponatremia

A

Glucose

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18
Q

Most common form of hyponatremia

A

Hypo-osmolar hyponatremia

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19
Q

Diagnosis: hypo-osmolar hyponatremia with hypovolemia, hypotension, and a neurosurgical procedure or subarachnoid hemorrhage within the previous 10 days

A

Cerebral salt wasting syndrome

20
Q

Treatment for asymptomatic outpatients with SIADH who do not respond to fluid restriction

A

Demeclocycline

21
Q

IV V1 and V2 receptor antagonist approved for treatment of euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia

A

Conivaptan

22
Q

Oral V2 receptor antagonist approved for treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia

A

Tolvaptan

23
Q

Most common cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Lithium

24
Q

Treatment for neurogenic (central) diabetes insipidus

A

Desmopressin

25
Q

Test to confirm pseudohyperkalemia

A

Plasma potassium concentration

26
Q

Most common cause of medication-induced AKI

A

Aminoglycosides

27
Q

Formula for FE(Na)

A

(Urine Na / Serum Na) x 100

28
Q

Intravesical pressure in abdominal compartment syndrome

A

> 20 mmHg

29
Q

Target hemoglobin levels with erythropoitein therapy for CKD

A

10-11 g/dL

30
Q

A calcimimetic that is approved for treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients

A

Cinacalcet

31
Q

Most steroid-sensitive glomerular disease

A

Minimal change disease

32
Q

Most common cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in white Americans

A

Membranous nephropathy

33
Q

Most common cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in black Americans

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

34
Q

Most common condition associated with “Maltese cross” fat droplets in urine

A

Nephrotic syndrome

35
Q

Treatment for progressive IgA nephropathy

A

Corticosteroids or mycophenolate mofetil

36
Q

Most common causes of pulmonary-renal syndromes (3)

A

Wegener granulomatosis, Goodpasture syndrome, SLE

37
Q

Metabolic finding that suggests type 1 (distal) RTA as opposed to types 2 and 4

A

Urine pH >5.5

38
Q

Metabolic finding that suggests proximal (type 2) RTA as opposed to types 1 and 4

A

Normal urine anion gap

39
Q

Metabolic finding that suggests type 4 RTA as opposed to types 1 and 2

A

Hyperkalemia

40
Q

High-risk medical illnesses associated with nephrolithiasis (2)

A

Crohn disease, ileostomy

41
Q

High-risk medications associated with nephrolithiasis (2)

A

Indinavir, acetazolamide

42
Q

Gold standard for diagnosis of nephrolithiasis

A

Noncontrast helical CT

43
Q

Drug that reduces ureteral edema to facilitate stone passage

A

Corticosteroids

44
Q

Drugs (2) that induce ureteral dilation and relaxation to facilitate stone passage

A

Nifedipine and tamsulosin

45
Q

ADPKD is caused by a mutation on the PKD1 gene on this chromosome

A

Chromosome 16

46
Q

Diagnostic test of choice for ADPKD

A

Kidney ultrasonography

47
Q

Empiric treatment for infected renal cysts

A

Fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

ACP Board Basics 3 (10 decks)

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