Neoplastic Disorders Flashcards
How is cancer formed
begins with abnormal cells which are transformed by genetic mutations of DNA
characteristics of cancer
invasive
infiltrate other tissues
metastasis
hyperplasia
increase number of cells
metaplasia
conversion of cell type
dysplasia
bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size and shape or arrangement from other cells of same type of tissue
anaplasia
cells that lack normal cell characteristics, shape and organization
what is the result of anapaestic cell growth
cancer
neoplasia
uncontrolled cell growth that follows no demand
step by step on cells and how they become malignant
step 1: initiation
step 2: promotion
step 3: progression
what are the differences in benign and malignant growths
different cellular characteristics growth how it grows general effect tissue destruction ability to cause death
what are carcinogens
viruses/bacteria physical agents chemical agents genetics dietary hormones
what does staging of cancer determine
the size and metastasize
T classification is:
tumor size
N is:
lymph node
M is:
metastasis
cancer treatment goals:
cure
control
palliation
rehab
treatment modalities
surgery radiation chemotherapy bone marrow transplant biologic response modifier treatment
different types of surgery for cancer
diagnostic recurrence supportive palliative reconstructive preventative
what is teletherapy
external radiation
what is brachytherapy
internal therapy
what care is important during radiation
skin and mouth care
what kinds of chemo can you get
IV topical oral intra-arterial intra-cavitary intrathecal
what systems can chemo effect?
all of them!
how does a bone marrow transplant work and why would you need to get one
infusion of bone marrow cells into a patient
used for malignant and non-malignant patients
usually for leukaemia
goal to CURE
allogenic bone marrow transplant
from donor other than the patient
autologous bone marrow transplant
from the patient
syngenic bone marrow transplant
from identical twin
what is a biologic response modifier
substance that modify a immune response: FIGHT CANCER monoclonal antibodies retinoids cytokines interferon colon stimulating factors
what is febrile neutropenia
increase temperature (38.5 is the highest)
decrease white blood count
can occur in any patient receiving chemo
what is Tumor lysis syndrome
associated with chemo or radiation
induced cell destruction of large or rapidly growing cancer cells
releasing intracellular contents from the tumour cells leading to imbalances of electrolytes
spinal cord compression
pressure of vascular supply to spinal cord
back pain
depending on while nerve its pressing on it can manifest as many different symptoms
surgery can be done to fix
hypercalcemia
Ca more abundant than the kidneys can excrete or bones can absorb
syndrome of inappropriate secretions of ADH (SISADH)
continuous uncontrolled release of ADH
increasing ECF release volume, water intoxication, hyponatremia, increase excretion of urinary sodium
low sodium=irritability, muscles pain, headache, confusion, seizures, coma, death
superior vena cava syndrom
obstruction of SVC reducing blood flow to the heart and reduce cardiac output
respiratory difficulty, facial swelling, distention of jugular vein
pericardial effusion
fluid collecting in pericardial sac preventing heart from filling and contracting
tachycardia, dyspnea, cough, edema
what does intrathecal chemo do
passes in the blood brain barrier
why should you recheck the IV when inserting chemo
needle goes through vessel, putting chemo into tissues causing inflammation
why is infection risk high during chemo
killing good and bad cells!
why is nutrition bad in chemo treatment
sores in mouth
no appetite
tired
nausea
what is important to remember when thinking about a system that highly effected with chemo
the ones you cannot see:
hematopoietic system- destroy blood cells
renal system- excretion issues
reproductive system- will chemo sterilize?
where do people get bone marrow from?
hip bone
the only procedure where the cell has to accept the body instead of the body accepting the cell
bone marrow transplant
what system can be affected from the tutor lysis syndrome
kidneys! trying to filter out all the toxic stuff, over worked
