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Abdomen 2 > Neoplastic Diseases: Benign > Flashcards

Neoplastic Diseases: Benign Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasms

A 
Tumor/ lesion 
~abnormal tissue growth 
~diffuse or focal 
~benign or malignant
~distinct mass or ill-defined
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2
Q

Abnormal tissue growth is due to

A

Cells proliferating at a faster rate

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3
Q

Malignant neoplasms can be

A

Primary or metastatic

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4
Q

Primary malignancies

A

Mass that originates from a organ

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5
Q

Metastatic malignancies

A

Mass that originates from a organ and spreads to a different organ

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6
Q

Benign neoplasms

A 
~typically asymptomatic 
~have no altered lab tests
~well defined and encapsulated
~slow growing, does not metastasize 
~hypovascular or avascular
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7
Q

Benign neoplasms of the liver

A

Hemangioma
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Adenomas
Lipoma

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8
Q

Hemangioma is a tumor of

A

blood vessels

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9
Q

The most common benign tumor of the liver

A

Hemangioma

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10
Q

Hemangioma are

A

~Women>Men (5:1)

~Asymptomatic

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11
Q

Hemangioma may increase in size during

A

Pregnancy or with the use of estrogen therapy(HRT’s)

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12
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a hemangioma

A 
Small (typically <3cm) 
Well defined 
Homogenous
Hyperechoic 
Can include a heterogenous central component or hypoechoic central area
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13
Q

When using Doppler on a hemangioma, will it register the slow flow?

A

No, because the flow is so slow that the Doppler cannot go low enough to register it which is why flow in a hemangioma is not typically detected with ultrasound

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14
Q

What does a hemangioma require

A

6-month follow up to detect any change

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15
Q

Echogencity is always relative to

A

Whether the organ is health or not

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16
Q

FNH

A

Focal nodular hyperplasia

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17
Q

What is focal nodular hyperplasia

A

Hyperplasia lesion containing normal liver tissue

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18
Q

FNH is >in women than men probably because it is

A

Influenced by hormones

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19
Q

Is FNH asymptomatic or symptomatic

A

Asymptomatic

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20
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of FNH

A

Subtle- “stealth lesion”
<8cm
Central area w/ decreased echogenicity (central scar)
Doppler flow centrally

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21
Q

Because FNH is a stealth “leasion” what do you look for

A

Contour abnormalities

Displaced vessels

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22
Q

What is the appearance of FNH on a sulpher colloid scan

A

Hot or warm

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23
Q

Are adenomas more or less common than FNH

A

Less

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24
Q

Adenomas are linked to

A

Oral contraceptives
Type 1 GSD
Von Gierke’s disease

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25
Q

Adenomas can cause

A

Hemorrhage or infarct; with extreme amount of pain

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26
Q

Adenomas are

A

Usually asymptomatic

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27
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of an adenoma

A

Non-specific; usually hyperechoic but can be variable
Measures 8-15cm
Solid, solitary and well encapsulated
Doppler shows central area of colour

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28
Q

What is the appearance of an adenoma on a Sulphur colloid scan

A

Cold

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29
Q

Lipomas in the liver are

A

Very rare

Usually asymptomatic

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30
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a liver lipoma

A

Hyperechoic, very similar appearance to a hemangioma

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31
Q

What are the different ways to test for benign neoplasms of the liver

A 
Contrast enhanced CT or MRI
Red blood scintigraphy 
Sulphur Colloid scan 
Micro bubble enhanced sonography 
Biopsy
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32
Q

A Sulphur Colloid Scan is a

A

Nuclear medicine test

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33
Q

What is the treatment for a liver hemangioma

A

Repeat US in 3-6months to check for changes

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34
Q

What is the treatment for FNH

A

Conservative, depending on size

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35
Q

What is the treatment for a liver adenoma

A

Surgery is recommended due to risk of rupture

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36
Q

What is the treatment for an liver lipoma

A

Conservative

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37
Q

Are benign neoplasms of the spleen rare

A

Yes

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38
Q

What is another name for hemangioma

A

Cavernous hemangioma

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39
Q

Cavernous hemangioma are

A

Congenital
Most common benign neoplasm of the spleen ‘
Asymptomatic

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40
Q

Are cavernous hemangioma on US a conclusive finding

A

No, due to its variable appearance

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41
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a cavernous hemangioma

A

Variable

Hyperechoic to complex with cystic degeneration

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42
Q

Hamartoma are

A

Rare

Arise from lymphoid tissue

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43
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a hamartoma

A

Homogeneous
Solid
Echogenic
Not encapsulated

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44
Q

Lymphangioma are

A

Rare

Arise from a lymphatic malformation

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45
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a lymphangioma

A

Variable

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46
Q

Multi-loculated means

A

Lots of septations and walled off masses

47
Q

Cystic lymphangiomyomatoisis

A

Multi-loculated cystic mass

48
Q

Adenoma of the GB

A

True neoplasm; polyp like growth and has a stalk
Pedunculated
Asymptotic

49
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of GB adenoma

A

Hyperechoic
Homogeneous
<10mm
Hypovascular

50
Q

Cholesterolsis of the GB is a

A

Accumulation of cholesterol in the GB wall

51
Q

What are the 2 types of cholesterolosis

A

Cholesterolosis

Cholesterol polyp

52
Q

What is cholesterolosis

A

Strawberry GB

Multi non- shadowing masses fixed to the GB wall

53
Q

What is a cholesterol polyp

A

Focal form of cholesterolosis

Can’t be differeianted from an adenoma with US

54
Q

65% of polyps are what kind

A

Cholesterol

55
Q

5% of polyps are

A

Adenomas

56
Q

What kind of polyp is the only true polyp

A

Adenoma

57
Q

Adenomyomatosis of the GB is the

A

Exaggeration of the RA sinuses

Proliferation of the smooth wall of the GB; muscle wall is thicker

58
Q

Adenomyomatosis can be and typically occurs at the

A

Focal
Diffuse

GB fundus

59
Q

Is the mid portion of the GB is affected by adenomyomatosis what shape does it creat

A

Hourglass

60
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of GB adenomyomatosis

A

Hyperechoic Foci in the GB wall with a comet tail artifact

61
Q

Adenomyomas are

A

Focal

Mass-like area of adenomyomatosis

62
Q

Benign neoplasms of the pancreas are

A

Islet cell tumors

63
Q

Islets cell tumors are _____ and can be

A

The most common

Benign or malignant

64
Q

What % of islet cell tumors can be functioning

A

85

65
Q

What % of islet cell tumors are non-functioning

A

15

66
Q

What is the most common type of islet cell tumor

A

Insulinoma

67
Q

Insulinoma are ___ and are typically located in the

A

Benign

Body or tail

68
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of islet cell tumors

A

Well encapsulated
Solid
Usually hypoechoic; larger tumors may be slightly/moderately echogenic
Vary in size

69
Q

Benign neoplasms of the urinary tract are

A

Andiomyolipoma (renal hamartoma)

Adenoma/oncocytoma

70
Q

What is another name for angiomyolipoma of the urinary tract

A

Renal hamartoma

71
Q

Renal harmatomas are typically located where? And are composed of ?

A

Renal cortex

Fat
Muscle
Blood vessels

72
Q

Renal harmatomas are the most common in what population

A

Middle aged females

73
Q

Are renal harmatomas asymptomatic or symptomatic

A

Asymptomatic

74
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of renal harmatomas

A

Hyperechoic
Well defined
Typically unilateral
Low blood flow

75
Q

What can mimic renal cell carcinoma

A

Renal harmatomas

76
Q

What is associated with tuberous sclerosis and what will patients usually form after being diagnosed with this condition before hand

A

Renal harmatomas; bilateral

AML

77
Q

Renal harmatomas can blend into what that makes it hard to differentiate the mass

A

Perirenal fat

78
Q

Adenoma and oncocytoma are esstenially identical and effect the same area but are only differentiated by ____ and can mimic

A

Size

Renal cell CA

79
Q

Adenoma of the urinary tract measure

A

<3cm

80
Q

Oncocytoma measure

A

> 3cm

81
Q

Adenoma/oncocytoma are typically ____ but sometimes has possible _____

A

Asymptomatic

Hematuria, pain

82
Q

Adenoma/oncocytoma typically occur in ___ during

A

Males

6-7 decade of life

83
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of adenoma/oncocytoma

A

Well defined

Hyperechoic or isoechoic

84
Q

What are the benign neoplasms of the adrenal gland

A

Adenoma
Myelolipoma
Pheochromocytoma

85
Q

What benign mass arises from the adrenal cortex and is commonly unilateral

A

Adenoma of the adrenal gland

86
Q

Adenomas of the adrenal gland can be either

A

Hyperfunctioning or non-functioning

87
Q

Hyperfunctioning adenomas of the adrenal gland can result in

A

Endocrine abnormalities

88
Q

What are the endocrine abnormalities that are caused by a hyperfunctioning adenoma

A

Cushing’s disease

Conn’s disease

89
Q

Cushing’s disease is an excess of

A

Cortisol

90
Q

Conn’s disease is an excess of

A

Aldosterone

91
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a adrenal adenoma

A 
Solid
Round 
Hypoechoic 
Encapsulated 
W/ possible calcifications
92
Q

If a mass does not connect to the liver or kidneys what kind of mass should be considered

A

Adrenal tumour

93
Q

What is a rare mass, that is formed from the bone marrow, that arises from the zona fasiculatate and is typically asymptomatic

A

Myelolipoma

94
Q

Are myelolipoma of the adrenal gland functioning or non-functioning

A

Non-functioning

95
Q

Myelolipoma of the adrenal occurs in what population

A

Male and female population that are in their 5-6th decade of life

96
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of myelolipoma of the adrenals

A

Hyperechoic
Typically measures <5cm
Has a propagation speed artifact
can blend into the perirenal fat

97
Q

What do you call a hyperfunctioning tumor of the adrenal medulla

A

Pheochromocytoma

98
Q

A patient with pheochromocytoma of the adrenal can present with and what lab test will be elevated

A

Hypertension
Palpitations
Tachycardia
Excessive sweating

Urinary catecholamines will be elevated

99
Q

Pheochromocytoma of the adrenals typically occurs

A

In the right adrenal and in the 4-5th decades of life

100
Q

Pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland is associated with

A

Tuberculosis sclerosis

MEN syndrome

101
Q

what is MEN syndrome

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

102
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland

A 
Solid 
Unilateral 
Encapsulated 
Hypoechoic 
Homogeneous or heterogenous 
>2cm
103
Q

Patients can have multiple tumors in their endocrine glands that are both

A

Malignant and benign

104
Q

The pancreatic tail can be displaced anteriorly, which is a sign that there is what kind of tumor

A

Adrenal

105
Q

What are the benign neoplasms of the abdominal wall

A

Dermoid tumor

Lipoma

106
Q

What is the most common tumor of the abdominal wall

A

Desmoid tumor

107
Q

Desmoid tumors of the abdominal wall arises from

A

Connective tissue

108
Q

What are the 2 types of connective tissues

A

Aponeurosis

Fascia

109
Q

Desmoid tumor of the abdominal wall are usually located ____ and have what kind of association

A

In the anterior abdominal wall, @ surgical or laparoscopic sites

  • post-partum association
110
Q

Desmoid tumor of the abdominal wall typically occurs more commonly in

A

Females that are 20-40 yrs in age

111
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a desmoid tumor of the abdominal wall

A

Hypoechoic

Homogenous

112
Q

Lipoma of the abdominal wall are

A

Composed of fat
Mobile
Soft on palpitation, compressible

113
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a abdominal wall lipoma

A

Variable, ranging from slightly echogenic to highly echogenic

Abdomen 2 (6 decks)

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