Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Abdomen 2 > Infectious & Inflammatory Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious & Inflammatory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common clinical presentation of infection

A

Fever
Pain
Leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

FUO

A

Fever of unknown origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is important about a FUO

A

History and lab tests are important
Assessing for organomegaly
An infectious process can lead to abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An abscess is

A

A localized collection of pus

A complication to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Patients at risk for abscesses are

A 
Diabetics
Immunosuppressed 
Cancer 
Pts with hematomas
Post-operative patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Patients with abscesses will often present with what

A

Localized tenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of an abscess

A 
Fluid filled area
Posterior enhancement 
Thick, irregular walls
Debris 
Possible gas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hepatitis is what

A

An inflammation of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What may hepatitis be caused by

A

Viruses

Toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis

A 
Fever
Chill
Nausea
Vomiting 
Possible jaundice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many types of viral hepatitis is there

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the four main types of hepatitis

A

Hep A
Hep B
Hep C
Hep D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the primary mode of spread of Hep A

A

Fecal-oral route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary mode of spread for Hep B

A

Blood and body fluids

Carrier state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a carrier state for Hep B

A

When a person tests positive for the disease but has no symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary mode of spread for Hep C

A

Transfusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the primary mode of spread for Hep D

A

Dependant on Hep B as they have to be infected with it first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common Hepatitis in IV drug users

A

Hep D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 different types clinical presentation of hepatitis

A

Acute
Chronic
Subfulminant/fulminant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the clinical presentation for acute hepatitis

A

Clinical recovery within 4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

99% of all cases of Hep A are what

A

Acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

subfulminant/fulminat hepatitis is due to what

A

Hepatitis B or drug toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Subfulminant/fulminant hepatitis is what kind of hepatitis

A

Serious and rare form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Subfulminant/fulminant hepatitis causes

A

Hepatic necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Death occurs if >40% of what is lost
Hepatic parenchyma
26
What is the clinical presentation for chronic hepatis
When the biochemical markers remain abnormal for >6months
27
What is the sonographic appearance for acute hepatitis
``` Hepatomegaly Decreased liver echogencity Prominent portal vein walls GB wall thickening Liver appears normal Starry sky appearance ```
28
What is the most common appearance of acute hepatitis
Liver appears normal
29
What is the sonographic appearance of chronic hepatitis
Coarse liver parenchyma Overall increase in echogencity Portal hypertension Cirrhosis
30
What are the important lab values for determining hepatitis
ALT AST Bilirubin
31
What are the 4 routes of spread by pyogenic bacteria to the liver
Biliary tract Portal venous system Hepatic artery Trauma
32
Define pyogenic
Pus producing
33
What is the clinical presentation for bacterial liver infections
Fever RUQ pain Malaise Anorexia
34
Define malaise
General feeling of unwellness
35
What is the sonographic appearance of bacterial liver infections
``` Simple to complex cyst “Shaggy” wall Internal septations Echogenic foci with posterior reverberations Fluid-fluid levels ```
36
What are the 2 types of fungal diseases
Candida | Pneumocystis Carinii
37
What is candidiasis
Yeast infection
38
Who is typically affected by candidiasis
Immunocompromised patients
39
What is the clinical presentation of candidiasis
Persistent fever with WBC returning to normal
40
What is the sonographic appearance of candida
``` Uniformly hypoechoic Hyperechoic Bulls eye appearance Wheel within a wheel appearance Liver/kidney/spleen involvement ```
41
What is the most common sonographic appearance of candida
Uniformly hypoechoic
42
What is the bulls eye appearance
Focal areas with a hypoechoic rim and a hyperechoic center
43
What is the wheel within a wheel appearance
A hypoechoic rim with a hyperechoic center and hypoechoic nidus
44
Define nidus
Dot
45
Pneumocystis carinii used to be thought as a what and is not classified as a what
Parasitic infection and is now a fungal infection
46
Pneumocystis Carinii is what kind of infection
Opportunist
47
Pneumocystis Carinii affected what kind of patient
Immunocompromised | -most commonly AIDS
48
Pneumocystis Carinii can involve what
``` Liver Spleen Renal cortex Pancreas Lymph nodes ```
49
What is the most common organ involved when a patient has pneumocystis Carinii
Liver
50
What is the sonographic apperance of pneumocystis Carinii
Tiny non-shadowing echogenic foci | Progresses to shadowing clumps of calcifications
51
What are the 3 types of parasitic disease that involves sonography
Amebiasis Schistisomiasis Hydration disease
52
What is the route of spread for amebiasis to the liver
Fecal-oral
53
How does amebiasis travel to the liver
From the colon, through the portal vein to the liver
54
What lobe of the liver is most commonly affected in cases of amebiasis
Right
55
What is the sonographic appearance of amebiasis
Round/oval shape- abscess Hypoechoic Fine internal echoes
56
What is the most common clinical presentation of amebiasis
Pain | +/- diarrhea
57
What is another name for hydatid disease
Echinococcal
58
What kind of parasite is involved in hydatid disease
Tapeworm
59
What kind of countries is hydatid disease common in
Sheep and cattle raising countries
60
What organs can hydatid disease affect
``` Liver Spleen Ureter Bladder Kidneys ```
61
What is the organ most commonly affected by hydatid disease
Liver
62
In hydatid disease who is typically the definitive host
Dogs
63
In hydatid disease who is the intermediate host
Humans
64
What is a definitive host
The host where the parasite reaches maturity
65
What is a intermediate host
The host in which the parasite undergoes development but does not reach maturity
66
What is the typical route of spread of hydatid disease to humans
Fecal-oral
67
How does the parasite in hydatid disease travel to the liver
Through the portal venous system
68
The hydatid embryo is
Slow growing with 3 layers
69
What are the 3 layers of a hydatid embyro
Ectocyst Pericyst Endocyst
70
Define ectocyst
External membrane (~1mm thick)
71
Define pericyst
Dense connective tissue capsule around cyst
72
Define endocyst
Inner germinal layer
73
What layer of the tapeworm produces the embyro
Endocyst
74
What are the 4 sonographic appearances that represent the embryo
Hydatid sand Simple cyst Daughter cysts Calcified walls
75
What is hydatid sand
Cyst with a bunch of low level echoes
76
What is a daughter cyst
Multiple cyst within a cyst
77
What are the signs and symptoms of hydatid disease
``` Dependent on stage Pain/discomfort Jaundice Vascular thrombosis/infarction Anaphylactic shock ```
78
Is anaphylactic shock common or rare and what is it caused from
Rare, from cyst rupture
79
What is the treatment for hydatid disease
Surgery
80
What is schistosomiasis
Parasitic infection
81
How do the worms get into the body
Penetrate the skin | Travel to mesenteric veins via lymph and blood vessels
82
Where do the worms from schistosomiasis invade
Liver Spleen Bowel Bladder
83
Schistosomiasis ova can penetrate what
The portal vein wall and connective tissue
84
What does schistosomiasis ova migration to the portal vein lead to
Granulonatous reaction and periportal fibrosis | Over time can lead to portal hypertension and cirrhosis
85
What is the sonographic appearance of schistosomiasis
Thickening/increased echogenicity of the periportal walls Initially, the liver is enlarged Over time the liver shrinks Portal hypertension Splenomegaly Thickened bladder wall (if it is infected by it)
86
TB
Tuberculosis
87
What is TB
Opportunistic infection
88
Who is typically infected by TB
Immunosupressed patients
89
Where does TB start
Lungs
90
What other organs does TB affect
Spleen Adrenal Glands Urinary tract
91
What is the sonographic appearance of the spleen with TB
Tiny echogenic foci with or without shadowing
92
What is the sonographic appearance of the adrenal glands with TB
Acute: bilateral, diffuse enlargement Chronic: atrophied and calcified
93
What can TB lead to
Atrophy of the adrenal glands and hypoadrenalism (Addison’s disease)
94
What is peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
95
What can peritonitis be caused by
Infectious or non-infectious factors
96
What are the infectious causes of peritonitis
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites
97
What are the non-infectious factors of peritonitis
Pancreatitis | Foreign bodies
98
What does the patient present with when they have peritonitis
Severe pain
99
Who is affected by tuberculosis peritonitis
Immunocompromised
100
What kind of immunocompromised patients are affected by tuberculosis peritonitis
AIDS Alcoholics Cirrhosis
101
What is the sonographic appearance of tuberculosis peritonitis
Exudative fluid | Lymphadenopathy
102
What are the different types of cholecystitis
``` Acute Gangrenous Perforation Emphysematous Acalculous Chronic Mirizzi syndrome Xanthogranulomatous Procelain GB ```
103
What is acute cholecystitis most often due to
Impacted stones
104
How does an impacted stone cause inflammation
It interferes in blood supply leading to an inflammatory reaction which predisposes the patient to infection
105
Who is more susceptible to cholecystitis
Females
106
What is the clinical presentation of cholecystitis
``` RUQ pain Fever Leukocytosis Nausea and vomiting Jaundice Pain radiating around the back ```
107
What is the sonographic findings of cholecystitis
``` GB wall >3mm Hyperemia Gallstones Impaction at neck GB hydrops Pericholecystic fluid Positive Murphy sign ```
108
What is pericholecystic fluid
Slip of fluid surrounding the GB
109
What is a positive Murphy sign
Maximum pain with transducer pressure applied over the GB area
110
What are the important lab values in cases of cholecystitis
``` Serum bilirubin ALP Leukocytosis AST ALT ```
111
What are the complications of cholecystitis
``` Empyema Gangrenous cholecystitis Emphysematous cholecystitis Perforation Abscess ```
112
What is empyema
Pus in the GB
113
What is gangrenous cholecystitis
Necrosis of the GB
114
What does the patient present with when they have gangrenous cholecystitis and why
No pain because the nerves of the GB are dying
115
What is the appearance of gangrenous cholecystitis on US
Non-layering bands if echogenic tissue within the GB
116
Where does a perforation of the GB usually occur
At the fundus
117
What is the apperance of a GB perforation on US
Free fluid in the peritoneal cavity Low level collection adjacent to the GB Ill-defined hypoechoic mass surrounding the GB May identify the perforation in the wall
118
Is emphysematous cholecystitis common or rare
Rare
119
What emphysematous cholecystitis caused by
Gas forming bacteria
120
How does emphysematous cholecystitis progress
Rapidly
121
Who is affected by emphysematous cholecystitis
Men and diabetics
122
What us acalcukous cholecystitis
An inflamed GB without stones
123
Who is typically affected by acalculous cholecystitis
Critically ill patients
124
What are the predisposing factors for acalculous cholecystitis
Trauma Previous unrelated surgery Burn victims Hyperalimentation
125
Will a patient with acalculous cholecystitis feel pain
No not typically because they are already on pain medication
126
What is the sonographic appearance of acalculous cholecystitis similar too
Acute cholecystitis but without stones
127
What is the most common form of symptomatic GB disease
Chronic cholecystitis
128
What is the clinical presentation of chronic cholecystitis
``` Intolerance to fatty foods Belching Indigestion Postprandial RUQ pain Nausea Vomiting ```
129
What is the sonographic appearance of chronic cholecystitis
Thick heterogenous wall Contracted GB with stones WES sign
130
What lab values are significant in cases of chronic cholecystitis
AST ALT ALP Bilirubin
131
What are the complications associated with chronic cholecystitis
Bouveret syndrome Gallstone ileum Mirizzis syndrome
132
What is bouveret syndrome
Gastric outlet obstruction; stone lodged in the duodenum
133
What is gallstone lieus
Distal bowel obstruction; stone lodged in the iliosacral valve
134
What is chronic cholecystitis associated with
Gallbladder carcinoma
135
What is mirizzi syndrome
A rare complication caused by a having a stone impacted in the cystic duct/GB neck or Hartmann’s pouch
136
What becomes compressed by the stone or inflammatory reaction in cases of mirizzi syndrome and what does it result in
CHD leads to jaundice
137
What may form between the cystic duct and CHD in cases of mirizzi syndrome
A fistula
138
What are the clinical symptoms of mirizzi syndrome
Fever Pain Jaundice
139
What is the sonographic appearance of mirizzi syndrome
Dilated bile duct above the level of obstruction | CBD normal
140
What is xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis
A rare form of chronic inflammation
141
What is the sonographic appearance of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis
Hypoechoic nodules/bands in a thick GB wall | -represent fatty granulomatous nodules
142
A porcelain GB is
Rare | Found in predominantly in the older female population
143
A porcelain GB has a high association with what
GB carcinoma
144
What is the cause of porcelain GB
Unknown
145
What is associated with a porcelain GB and what can may it be a form of
Stones and form of chronic cholecystitis
146
What is the sonographic appearance of a porcelain GB
Calcified GB wall
147
Cholangitis is
Is a rare inflammatory and fibrosing disorder of the biliary tree
148
What are the 5 types of cholangitis
``` Acute Recurrent pyogenic AIDS Biliary ascariasis Primary sclerosing ```
149
Acute cholangitis is
Bacterial | Due to a biliary obstruction(choledocholiathiasis)
150
What is the clinical presentation of acute cholangitis
Fever RUQ pain Jaundice
151
What are the sonographic findings of actue cholangitis
Dilated biliary tree with thickened walls Stones in the biliary tree Liver abscess
152
What lab values are increased in acute cholangitis
WBC ALP Bilirubin
153
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis is most common where
SE and east Asia
154
What is the etiology of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Unknown
155
What does chronic obstruction of the bile ducts in cases of recurrent pyogenic chola lead to
Statis and stone formation
156
What lobe of the liver is affected most often in cases of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Lateral left lobe
157
What are the possible long term complications of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Biliary cirrhosis | Choleangiocarcinoma
158
What is the sonographic appearance of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Dilated ducts with stones and sludge in one segment of the liver
159
In cases of advanced stages of AIDS what is cholangitis due to
Opportunistic infection
160
What is the appearance of AIDS cholangitis on US
Thickened bile duct and GB walls Focal strictures Intra/extra hepatic duct dilation Dilated CBD
161
What are will the important lab values reflect in AIDS cholangitis
Elevated ALP | Normal bilirubin
162
What is biliary ascariasis cholangitis caused by
Roundworm infestation
163
What is the appearance of biliary ascariasis cholangitis on US
Echogenic non-shadowing parallel lines/tubes in the ducts and GB
164
What should be assessed for in cases of biliary ascariasis cholangitis
Movement
165
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is
A chronic inflammatory asymptomatic process of unknown cause that occurs more commonly in men
166
What occurs in primary sclerosing cholangitis
The bile ducts fibrosis and inflame
167
What does primary sclerosing cholangitis leas to
Biliary cirrhosis Portal hypertension Hepatic failure
168
80% of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis will also have what
Ulcerative colitis
169
Pancreatisits is
Chronic or acute Inflammation of the pancreas that ranges from mild, moderate and severe and can be focal or diffuse
170
What is the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis typically based on
Lab and clinical findings
171
What is the clinical presentation for acute pancreatitis
Severe, constant, intense pain radiating to back Relief by sitting up or bending at the waist Nausea Vomiting Possible fever
172
What is the role of US in cases of acute pancreatitis
Identify stones in the GB or duct Detect fluid collections Monitor the inflammatory process
173
What is the possible etiology for acute pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse | Biliary stones
174
What is the sonographic appearance of diffuse acute pancreatitis
``` May appear normal Decreased echogenicity Heterogenous Edematous Smooth contour Increased size Possible fluid collections ```
175
What is the sonographic appearance of focal acute pancreatitis
Focal hypoechoic area; most commonly in the pancreatic head | Mimic a neoplasm
176
Focal acute pancreatitis is often found in patient who suffer from
Chronic alcohol abuse
177
What are the complications of acute pancreatitis
``` Fluid accumulation Pseudocysts Phlegmons Hemorrhage Necrotizing pancreatitis Peritonitis Abscess formation ```

Abdomen 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions