Neoplasm VI

Question 1

What repair pathway helpswith damage caused by UVB?

Answer 1

NER (Nucleoside excision repair) pathway repairs the Pyrimidine dimers caused by the UVB light.

Question 2

Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a result of defects with what enzymes?

Answer 2

Defects in the enzymes mediating DNA repair following UVB damage.

Question 3

What is the indirect effects of ionizing radiation caused by?

Answer 3

Free radicles causing DNA damage.

Question 4

What neoplasms are induced by atomic bombs?

Answer 4

Leukemias
Thyroid cancer - Papillary ype
Breast/Lung cancer
Skin, bone, gut

Question 5

What neoplasms are induced by X-Ray work

Answer 5

Radiation dermatitis

Skin cancers

Question 6

What neoplasms are induced by Osteosarcoma?

Answer 6

Seen in clock workers that paint luminous dials with radium.

Question 7

What is the pathogenesis of hepatitis B?

Answer 7

Chronic liver cell injury and regenerative hyperplasia by activating growth promoting genes such as IGF.

Also turns off p53.

Question 8

What is the pathogenesis of hepatitis C?

Answer 8

Chronic liver cell injury and regeneration

Question 9

Epstein Barr Virus causes what two main complications?

Answer 9

Burkitt lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Question 10

What are the low risk HPV strains?

High Risk HPV strains?

Answer 10

Low risk: 6 and 11

High risk: 16, 18, 31

Question 11

What virus causes T-ell leukemia/lymphomas?

Answer 11

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1

seeks out CD4 cells, specifically the Tax gene.

Question 12

What proteins does the TAX gene activated by T-cell leukemia produce?

Answer 12

c-Fos, IL-2, GM-CSF

Inactivated p16INK4a

Question 13

What happens when p16INK4a is inactivated

Answer 13

Leads to melanomas.

Question 14

What type of cancer does HIV cause?

Answer 14

Lymphoma

Question 15

What sort of cancer does Human herpes virus 8 cause?

Answer 15

Kaposi Sarcoma.

Question 16

How is Helicobacter pylori infection assicated with neoplasms?

Answer 16

Gastric lymphoma (MALT lymphomas)
Gastric Carcinoma

Question 17

What gene is associated with H. pylori induced Gastric lymphoma/ Gastric carcinoma?

Answer 17

CagA (Cytotoxin associated gene A which stimulates the growth factor path.)

Question 18

What cancers are associated with the overproduction of Estrogen?

Answer 18

Breast cancer
Squamous carcinoma of the cervix
Leiomyoma of the uterus

Question 19

What cancers are associated with the overproduction of contraceptive hormones?

Answer 19

Breast cancer

Benign/malignant liver tumors.

Question 20

What cancers are associated with anabolic steroids?

Answer 20

Benign/malignant liver tumors.

Question 21

What is Cachexia?

Answer 21

Weight loss, muscle atrophy and fatigue seen in cancer due to loss of appetite by TNFalpha, IFNY, and IL-6 overproduction.

Question 22

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 22

Distant effects of a tumor unrelated to primary tumor or metastasis.

Question 23

What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to ACTH?

Answer 23

Cushings syndrome causing small cell lung carcinoma

Question 24

What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to ADH?

Answer 24

SIADH

Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms.

Question 25

What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to EPO?

Answer 25

Polycythemia | Renal cell carcinoma, thymoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinona....

Question 26

What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to PTHrP

Answer 26

Hypercalcemia Squamous cell lung carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma and breast cancer.

Question 27

What causes Carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 27

Tumors located in the appendix or small intestine leadin to the overproduction of serotonin!

Question 28

What are the clinical features of Carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 28

Flushing Diarrhea Bronchospasm Tachycardia

Question 29

How s Carcinoid syndrome diagnosed?

Answer 29

Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) a metabolite of serotonin!

Question 30

what test should you employ to determine a site of origin of metastasis?

Answer 30

IHC also known as immunohistochemical techniques. It is used to determin the site of origin for a tumor!

Question 31

What does it mean if a tumor tests positive for cytokeratin?

Answer 31

This means the tumor has a Keratin or epithelial origin!

Question 32

What do Vimentin and Dimentin (Smooth muscle) originate from?

Answer 32

Originate from the mesenchyme.

Question 33

What neoplasm does IHC marker CD31 check for?

Answer 33

Checks for Vascular neoplasms

Question 34

What should FISH be used to diagnose?

Answer 34

Used to detect oncogenes such as N-myc | Also detects bcr-ale fusion gene product

Question 35

What makes the tumor marker AFP?

Answer 35

Fetus hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma

Question 36

What makes the tumor marker Ca-19-9?

Answer 36

Pancreatic adenoarcinoma, colon cancer

Question 37

What makes the Ca-125 cancer marker?

Answer 37

Ovarian cancerw

Question 38

What makes the PSA tumor marker?

Answer 38

Prostate specific antigen made by the prostate. Not very accurate.