Neoplasm VI Flashcards
What repair pathway helpswith damage caused by UVB?
NER (Nucleoside excision repair) pathway repairs the Pyrimidine dimers caused by the UVB light.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a result of defects with what enzymes?
Defects in the enzymes mediating DNA repair following UVB damage.
What is the indirect effects of ionizing radiation caused by?
Free radicles causing DNA damage.
What neoplasms are induced by atomic bombs?
Leukemias
Thyroid cancer - Papillary ype
Breast/Lung cancer
Skin, bone, gut
What neoplasms are induced by X-Ray work
Radiation dermatitis
Skin cancers
What neoplasms are induced by Osteosarcoma?
Seen in clock workers that paint luminous dials with radium.
What is the pathogenesis of hepatitis B?
Chronic liver cell injury and regenerative hyperplasia by activating growth promoting genes such as IGF.
Also turns off p53.
What is the pathogenesis of hepatitis C?
Chronic liver cell injury and regeneration
Epstein Barr Virus causes what two main complications?
Burkitt lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
What are the low risk HPV strains?
High Risk HPV strains?
Low risk: 6 and 11
High risk: 16, 18, 31
What virus causes T-ell leukemia/lymphomas?
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1
seeks out CD4 cells, specifically the Tax gene.
What proteins does the TAX gene activated by T-cell leukemia produce?
c-Fos, IL-2, GM-CSF
Inactivated p16INK4a
What happens when p16INK4a is inactivated
Leads to melanomas.
What type of cancer does HIV cause?
Lymphoma
What sort of cancer does Human herpes virus 8 cause?
Kaposi Sarcoma.
How is Helicobacter pylori infection assicated with neoplasms?
Gastric lymphoma (MALT lymphomas) Gastric Carcinoma
What gene is associated with H. pylori induced Gastric lymphoma/ Gastric carcinoma?
CagA (Cytotoxin associated gene A which stimulates the growth factor path.)
What cancers are associated with the overproduction of Estrogen?
Breast cancer
Squamous carcinoma of the cervix
Leiomyoma of the uterus
What cancers are associated with the overproduction of contraceptive hormones?
Breast cancer
Benign/malignant liver tumors.
What cancers are associated with anabolic steroids?
Benign/malignant liver tumors.
What is Cachexia?
Weight loss, muscle atrophy and fatigue seen in cancer due to loss of appetite by TNFalpha, IFNY, and IL-6 overproduction.
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
Distant effects of a tumor unrelated to primary tumor or metastasis.
What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to ACTH?
Cushings syndrome causing small cell lung carcinoma
What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to ADH?
SIADH
Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms.
What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to EPO?
Polycythemia
Renal cell carcinoma, thymoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinona….
What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to PTHrP
Hypercalcemia
Squamous cell lung carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma and breast cancer.
What causes Carcinoid syndrome?
Tumors located in the appendix or small intestine leadin to the overproduction of serotonin!
What are the clinical features of Carcinoid syndrome?
Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Tachycardia
How s Carcinoid syndrome diagnosed?
Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) a metabolite of serotonin!
what test should you employ to determine a site of origin of metastasis?
IHC also known as immunohistochemical techniques.
It is used to determin the site of origin for a tumor!
What does it mean if a tumor tests positive for cytokeratin?
This means the tumor has a Keratin or epithelial origin!
What do Vimentin and Dimentin (Smooth muscle) originate from?
Originate from the mesenchyme.
What neoplasm does IHC marker CD31 check for?
Checks for Vascular neoplasms
What should FISH be used to diagnose?
Used to detect oncogenes such as N-myc
Also detects bcr-ale fusion gene product
What makes the tumor marker AFP?
Fetus hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma
What makes the tumor marker Ca-19-9?
Pancreatic adenoarcinoma, colon cancer
What makes the Ca-125 cancer marker?
Ovarian cancerw
What makes the PSA tumor marker?
Prostate specific antigen made by the prostate. Not very accurate.
