Neoplasia III: Carcinoid, GIST, Lymphoma (aka zebra lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Pathophys of gastric carcinoid tumors?

A
  1. Chronic gastritis or Gastric acid suppression
  2. Hypergastrinemia compensatory response
  3. Gastric diffuse neuroendocrine hyperplasia
    =Tumor
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2
Q

Micro morphology of gastric carcinoid tumors?

A

islands or sheets of uniform cohesive cells, often (+) for NE markers such as chromogranin

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3
Q

What other characteristics/presentations are associated with gastric carcinoid tumors that secrete gastrin?

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
slow-growing
mets uncommon

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4
Q

What other characteristics/presentations are associated with gastric carcinoid tumors that DON”T secrete gastrin?

A

aggressive
many mets at dx
carcinoid syndrome

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5
Q

How do ileal tumors present?

A

with carcinoid syndrome

flushing, bronchospasm, incr motility, R cardiac valve thickening

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6
Q

Most important prognostic factor for GI carcinoid?

A

location:

  1. foregut–rarely met, cured by srx
  2. midgut–multiple, aggressive
  3. hindgut–found incidentally
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7
Q

What labs are associated with Z-E syndrome?

A

Fasting gastrin level >1000 pg/ml

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8
Q

What diagnostic tests are used to dx Z-E syndrome?

A

Secretin stimulation test (measure gastrin levels incrementally after IV secretin administered)

positive = gastrin incr by >200

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9
Q

Treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, if solitary + non-met?

If mets?

A
Surgical resection
Medical management (PPI, LA somatostatin)

resection
doxorubicin/streptozocin

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10
Q

Epidemiology of Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor (Carcinoid)?

A

Typically in late middle-aged patients

~6th decade

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11
Q

Most common location of Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor (Carcinoid)?

A

Ileum and appendix

**often at multiple sites

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12
Q

Most frequent symptom of Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor (Carcinoid)?

A

Abdominal pain

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13
Q

Common complication of Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor (Carcinoid)?

A

Intermittent obstruction

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14
Q

Most common neoplasm of appendix?

A

Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor (Carcinoid)

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15
Q

What is carcinoid syndrome?

A
Episodes of: 
flushing (95%)
diarrhea, 
wheezing
colicky abdominal pain
Right heart endocardial fibrosis (50%)

**caused by vasoactive polypeptides, serotonin

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16
Q

How do you diagnose carcinoid syndrome?

A

High urine 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) (but limited sensitivity and specificity)

17
Q

Colorectal NET:

How do they present in colon? In rectum?

A

most commonly presents as large mass in right colon

rectum = usually only found incidentally

18
Q

What type of cells are present in GIST?

A

spindle, epithelioid or occasionally pleomorphic mesenchymal cells that often express the KIT (CD117) protein

19
Q

The best predictor of biological behavior of GISTs is a combination of:

A

Tumor size
Mitotic activity
Necrosis

**GIST should be “regarded as malignant”

20
Q

GIST can be stained for:

A

CD177 (via antibodies)

21
Q

Epidemiology of GIST?

Most common location of GIST?

A

older adults

stomach and small intestine

22
Q

GIST are thought to derive from or differentiate toward:

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

GI PM cells that form the interface between the autonomic innervation and smooth muscle cells of the gut

23
Q

Most GIST have mutations in:

A

KIT transmembrane receptor TK

**activates as oncogene, w/ (+) immunostain for CD117

24
Q

GIST: Presentation?

A

GI bleeding
abd mass
abd pain

25
Q

GIST: Method of detection?

A

CT

Endoscopic US-guided fine needle aspiration

26
Q

Trx for GIST?

A

srx

imatinib (TKI), if mets

27
Q

What causes Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder?

A

Immunosuppression can allow B cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus to proliferate in an uncontrolled manner.

28
Q

What may control Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder?

A

If the immunosuppression can be safely decreased, sometimes the proliferation will come under control, sometimes not.

29
Q

What are the 2 types of GI lymphomas?

A

~ 50% = low grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue “MALTomas”

~50% = aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas

30
Q

Epidemiology of GI lymphoma?

A

older adults

31
Q

GI lymphoma is associated with what conditions?

A

H pylori
AI disease
Celiac
immuno-deficiency/-suppression

32
Q

What type of lymphoma is often present in immunocompr or immunosuppressed patients?

A

large-cell lymphomas, EBV positive and consistently overexpress p53

33
Q

What type of lymphoma often develops in patients with refractory gluten disease?

A

T-cell lymphomas (Enteropathy-Associated T-cell Lymphoma) most often in the small bowel

34
Q

Gastric lymphomas are more frequent in patients with chronic:

A

inflmm, which occurs with chronic inf w/ H pylori

35
Q

Gastric lymphomas are likely to regress if:

A

H pylori is eradicated

36
Q

Micropath of MALTomas?

A

abundant plasma cell-like features

37
Q

Trx for MALTomas?

Prognosis?

A

antibiotics

good!

38
Q

Trx for non-MALT lymphomas of GIT?

Prognosis?

A

radiation and / or chemotherapy

bad