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Pathology > Neoplasia and Growth Disturbances > Flashcards

Neoplasia and Growth Disturbances Flashcards

1
Q

an abnormal protrusion from a mucosal surface or a mass that projects above mucosal surface to form a visible structure

A

polyps

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2
Q

3 reasons for polyp occurrence?

A

chronic inflammation
hyperplasia
neoplasia

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3
Q

opaque, white, hyperplastic lesions found on mucous membranes

A

leukoplakia

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4
Q

leukoplakia are often considered _, but have a high potential to transform into _ neoplastic cell

A

pre-cancerous

malignant

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5
Q

locations of leuokplakia?

A

oral cavity
respiratory tract
cervix

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6
Q

the origin of all neoplasms is _

A

loss of responsiveness to normal growth controls

either excess stimulation or deficient inhibition

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7
Q

a swelling: _

new growth: _

A

tumor

neoplasia

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8
Q

oncology is the study of _

A

tumors (including neoplasia)

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9
Q

2 basic components of neoplasm?

A
  1. parenchyma (transformed or neoplastic cells)

2. supporting stroma (connective tissue and blood vessels)

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10
Q

in a neoplasm, from which cells can you name the tissue type?

A

parenchyma

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11
Q

how do you name a benign neoplasm?

A

cell line - oma

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12
Q

how do you name a malignant neoplasm?

A

cell line -
epithelial = carcinoma
from CT or muscle = sarcoma

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13
Q 
benign neoplasia:
growth rate: _
mitotic figures are usually _ and typical for cell type
show signs of metastasis?
how many cell types?
A

slow
normal
no
usually 1, sometimes 2

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14
Q 
benign neoplasia:
are cells well differentiated?
do they resemble cells of that same type?
cause compression?
secrete hormones?
A

yes
yes
yes
yes

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15
Q

malignant neoplasia:
metastasis?
mitotic figures are _

A

yes (secondary growth sites)

numerous and atypical

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16
Q

malignant neoplasia:
growth rate: _
differentiation varies with _
faster growth = _ differentiation

A

slow to very rapid
growth rate
less

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17
Q

malignant neoplasia:

1 cell type unless _ or _ cell

A

germ of embryonic

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18
Q

anaplastic or pleomorphic refers to _

A

level of differentiation with malignant tumors

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19
Q

life cycle of neoplasm: (4 steps)

A

initiation
clonal expansion (mitotic division)
local invasion
metastasis

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20
Q

initiation:
single cell or group of cells appear that _
involves cells that can be recruited from _ phase

A

appear abnormal

G0 (resting state)

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21
Q

4 stages of cell cycle:

A

G1 - pre-dna synthesis
S - synthesis
G2 - pre-mitosis
M - mitosis and cytokinesis

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22
Q

undifferentiated embryonic cells (stem) recruitment is associated with : (2)

A

deficiency of growth inhibitors
excess of growth stimulators
(mutations of genes involved in regulation of growth factors

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23
Q

What do oncogenes do?

A

initiate formation of excess/abnormal growth factors

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24
Q

if suppressor genes are inactivated, growth factors will _

A

allow unlimited activity

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25
Q

_ are potential oncogenes which are normally inactive (can be activated)

A

protooncogenes

26
Q

3 things besides growth factors that recruitment may also be associated with:

A

age
heredity
environmental factors

27
Q

age’s affect on initiation

A

neoplasia increases with age

28
Q

highest mortality occurs between _ ages

A

55 - 75

29
Q

acute leukemia occurs primarily in _
chronic leukemia occurs primarily in _
pre and post-menopausal neoplasms differ how?

A

young
old
based on hormonal stimulation

30
Q

1 in _ will develop some form of cancer

A

4

31
Q

heredity has been proven to be the cause in _

A

only a few types of cancer

32
Q 
ocular cancer that is heredity caused: 
_ gene
requires how many mutations?
involved which type of gene
people with this gene are at greater risk for which other neoplasm?
A 
childhood retinoblastoma (40% familial)
autosomal dominant
40%
damage to suppressor gene
osteogenic sarcoma
33
Q

2 other cancers that are heredity in cause?

A

multiple polyposis coli (auto-dominant) 100% colon cancer by age 50
mammary adenocarcinoma

34
Q

chemical carcinogens typically affect:

A

oncogenes and/or suppressor genes

35
Q

chemical carcinogens may suppress _ cells

A

natural killer T-cells

36
Q

radiation associated with _ mutations

A

point (breakage or translocation)

37
Q

radiation results in formation of _ or damage to _

A

oncogenes

suppressor genes

38
Q

3 oncogene viruses:

A

human T-cell leukemia virus
HPV
Hepatitis virus

39
Q

food related:
_ carcinogens
synthesis of carcinogens from _

A

exogenous

dietary components

40
Q

4 examples of exogenous carcinomas:

A

aflatoxins (molds)
food additives
pesticides
artificial sweeteners

41
Q

conversion of non-carcinogen materials to carcinogenic is referred to as:

A

promoters

42
Q

what is an example of protective factors involved with food stuff?

A

fiber, A, C, E, Se and beta carotenes

low fiber - fecal matter in colon longer

43
Q

during clonal expansion:
still be attacked by immune system?
_ cells

A

yes

killer t cells

44
Q

where do benign neoplasms typically end? growth rate?

A

clonal expansion - very slow in this stage

45
Q

what are kinetics of tumor cell growth?

A

how long it takes for cells to proliferate

46
Q

doubling time for benign neoplasms is _,

and _ for malignant

A

very long

fast

47
Q

most malignant neoplasms have completed at least 2/3 (32 doublings) of their normal growth by the time they are _ cm diameter

A

1 cm

48
Q

most normal cells have a capacity of _ doublings before entering a non-replicative senescence

A

60-70

49
Q

cells lose capacity to divide due to _

A

progressive shortening of telomeres

50
Q

neoplastic cells have an activated enzyme called _, which helps maintain telomere length

A

telomerase

51
Q

growth fraction tells you amount of cells in the _ stage

A

active proliferative

52
Q

neoplasms may be in _ stages at 1 time

what are the 4 stages?

A 
3 or 4
active proliferating/clonogenic
non-proliferating but still clonogenic
not proliferating and not clonogenic
undergoing lysis and reabsorption after cell death
53
Q

which type of tumors are more likely to undergo lysis and reabsorption after death of cell? why?

A

malignant - outgrow blood supply

54
Q

tumors cannot develop beyond _mm unless they are vascularized (tumor angiogenesis), would develop hypoxia

A

1-2

55
Q

tumor associated angiogenic factors are induced by _

and originate from _ and _

A

hypoxic conditions

neoplastic cells and macrophages/inflammatory cells

56
Q

local invasion is the beginning of _

A

metastasis

57
Q

steps of local invasion:

  1. loosing on intercellular junctions between tumor cells
  2. attachment to ECM proteins such as _ _
  3. invasion of ECM by degradation of basement membrane by _
  4. migration of tumor cells (propelling of tumor cells through ECM)
A

laminin and fibronectin

collagenases

58
Q

metastasis is seen with _ neoplasms only

A

malignant

59
Q

3 pathways of metastasis:

A
  1. seeding within body cavities
  2. lymphatic spreading
  3. hematogenous spread
60
Q 
metastasis specificity of 
prostate cancer in males:
lymphomas: 
multiple myelomas: 
adenocarcinoma of the colon:
A

bone
lymph and bone tissue
bone
adenocarcinoma of colon

Pathology (8 decks)

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