Neoplasia and Growth Disturbances

Question 1

an abnormal protrusion from a mucosal surface or a mass that projects above mucosal surface to form a visible structure

Answer 1

polyps

Question 2

3 reasons for polyp occurrence?

Answer 2

chronic inflammation
hyperplasia
neoplasia

Question 3

opaque, white, hyperplastic lesions found on mucous membranes

Answer 3

leukoplakia

Question 4

leukoplakia are often considered _, but have a high potential to transform into _ neoplastic cell

Answer 4

pre-cancerous

malignant

Question 5

locations of leuokplakia?

Answer 5

oral cavity
respiratory tract
cervix

Question 6

the origin of all neoplasms is _

Answer 6

loss of responsiveness to normal growth controls

either excess stimulation or deficient inhibition

Question 7

a swelling: _

new growth: _

Answer 7

tumor

neoplasia

Question 8

oncology is the study of _

Answer 8

tumors (including neoplasia)

Question 9

2 basic components of neoplasm?

Answer 9

1. parenchyma (transformed or neoplastic cells)

2. supporting stroma (connective tissue and blood vessels)

Question 10

in a neoplasm, from which cells can you name the tissue type?

Answer 10

parenchyma

Question 11

how do you name a benign neoplasm?

Answer 11

cell line - oma

Question 12

how do you name a malignant neoplasm?

Answer 12

cell line -
epithelial = carcinoma
from CT or muscle = sarcoma

Question 13

benign neoplasia:
growth rate: _
mitotic figures are usually _ and typical for cell type
show signs of metastasis?
how many cell types?

Answer 13

slow
normal
no
usually 1, sometimes 2

Question 14

benign neoplasia:
are cells well differentiated?
do they resemble cells of that same type?
cause compression?
secrete hormones?

Answer 14

yes
yes
yes
yes

Question 15

malignant neoplasia:
metastasis?
mitotic figures are _

Answer 15

yes (secondary growth sites)

numerous and atypical

Question 16

malignant neoplasia:
growth rate: _
differentiation varies with _
faster growth = _ differentiation

Answer 16

slow to very rapid
growth rate
less

Question 17

malignant neoplasia:

1 cell type unless _ or _ cell

Answer 17

germ of embryonic

Question 18

anaplastic or pleomorphic refers to _

Answer 18

level of differentiation with malignant tumors

Question 19

life cycle of neoplasm: (4 steps)

Answer 19

initiation
clonal expansion (mitotic division)
local invasion
metastasis

Question 20

initiation:
single cell or group of cells appear that _
involves cells that can be recruited from _ phase

Answer 20

appear abnormal

G0 (resting state)

Question 21

4 stages of cell cycle:

Answer 21

G1 - pre-dna synthesis
S - synthesis
G2 - pre-mitosis
M - mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 22

undifferentiated embryonic cells (stem) recruitment is associated with : (2)

Answer 22

deficiency of growth inhibitors
excess of growth stimulators
(mutations of genes involved in regulation of growth factors

Question 23

What do oncogenes do?

Answer 23

initiate formation of excess/abnormal growth factors

Question 24

if suppressor genes are inactivated, growth factors will _

Answer 24

allow unlimited activity

Question 25

_ are potential oncogenes which are normally inactive (can be activated)

Answer 25

protooncogenes

Question 26

3 things besides growth factors that recruitment may also be associated with:

Answer 26

age heredity environmental factors

Question 27

age's affect on initiation

Answer 27

neoplasia increases with age

Question 28

highest mortality occurs between _ ages

Answer 28

55 - 75

Question 29

acute leukemia occurs primarily in _ chronic leukemia occurs primarily in _ pre and post-menopausal neoplasms differ how?

Answer 29

young old based on hormonal stimulation

Question 30

1 in _ will develop some form of cancer

Answer 30

4

Question 31

heredity has been proven to be the cause in _

Answer 31

only a few types of cancer

Question 32

``` ocular cancer that is heredity caused: _ gene requires how many mutations? involved which type of gene people with this gene are at greater risk for which other neoplasm? ```

Answer 32

``` childhood retinoblastoma (40% familial) autosomal dominant 40% damage to suppressor gene osteogenic sarcoma ```

Question 33

2 other cancers that are heredity in cause?

Answer 33

multiple polyposis coli (auto-dominant) 100% colon cancer by age 50 mammary adenocarcinoma

Question 34

chemical carcinogens typically affect:

Answer 34

oncogenes and/or suppressor genes

Question 35

chemical carcinogens may suppress _ cells

Answer 35

natural killer T-cells

Question 36

radiation associated with _ mutations

Answer 36

point (breakage or translocation)

Question 37

radiation results in formation of _ or damage to _

Answer 37

oncogenes | suppressor genes

Question 38

3 oncogene viruses:

Answer 38

human T-cell leukemia virus HPV Hepatitis virus

Question 39

food related: _ carcinogens synthesis of carcinogens from _

Answer 39

exogenous | dietary components

Question 40

4 examples of exogenous carcinomas:

Answer 40

aflatoxins (molds) food additives pesticides artificial sweeteners

Question 41

conversion of non-carcinogen materials to carcinogenic is referred to as:

Answer 41

promoters

Question 42

what is an example of protective factors involved with food stuff?

Answer 42

fiber, A, C, E, Se and beta carotenes | low fiber - fecal matter in colon longer

Question 43

during clonal expansion: still be attacked by immune system? _ cells

Answer 43

yes | killer t cells

Question 44

where do benign neoplasms typically end? growth rate?

Answer 44

clonal expansion - very slow in this stage

Question 45

what are kinetics of tumor cell growth?

Answer 45

how long it takes for cells to proliferate

Question 46

doubling time for benign neoplasms is _, | and _ for malignant

Answer 46

very long | fast

Question 47

most malignant neoplasms have completed at least 2/3 (32 doublings) of their normal growth by the time they are _ cm diameter

Answer 47

1 cm

Question 48

most normal cells have a capacity of _ doublings before entering a non-replicative senescence

Answer 48

60-70

Question 49

cells lose capacity to divide due to _

Answer 49

progressive shortening of telomeres

Question 50

neoplastic cells have an activated enzyme called _, which helps maintain telomere length

Answer 50

telomerase

Question 51

growth fraction tells you amount of cells in the _ stage

Answer 51

active proliferative

Question 52

neoplasms may be in _ stages at 1 time | what are the 4 stages?

Answer 52

``` 3 or 4 active proliferating/clonogenic non-proliferating but still clonogenic not proliferating and not clonogenic undergoing lysis and reabsorption after cell death ```

Question 53

which type of tumors are more likely to undergo lysis and reabsorption after death of cell? why?

Answer 53

malignant - outgrow blood supply

Question 54

tumors cannot develop beyond _mm unless they are vascularized (tumor angiogenesis), would develop hypoxia

Answer 54

1-2

Question 55

tumor associated angiogenic factors are induced by _ | and originate from _ and _

Answer 55

hypoxic conditions | neoplastic cells and macrophages/inflammatory cells

Question 56

local invasion is the beginning of _

Answer 56

metastasis

Question 57

steps of local invasion: 1. loosing on intercellular junctions between tumor cells 2. attachment to ECM proteins such as _ _ 3. invasion of ECM by degradation of basement membrane by _ 4. migration of tumor cells (propelling of tumor cells through ECM)

Answer 57

laminin and fibronectin | collagenases

Question 58

metastasis is seen with _ neoplasms only

Answer 58

malignant

Question 59

3 pathways of metastasis:

Answer 59

1. seeding within body cavities 2. lymphatic spreading 3. hematogenous spread

Question 60

``` metastasis specificity of prostate cancer in males: lymphomas: multiple myelomas: adenocarcinoma of the colon: ```

Answer 60

bone lymph and bone tissue bone adenocarcinoma of colon