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Pathology > 3 - Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases > Flashcards

3 - Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

collapse of the lung due to inadequate expansion of airspaces in lungs

A

atelectasis

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2
Q

atelectasis due to compression of lungs by material in pleural space

A

compression atelectasis

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3
Q

atelectasis due to obstruction that prevents air from reaching exchange surface

A

resorption atelectasis

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4
Q

most common causes of resorption atelectasis:

A

obstruction of bronchus by mucous or muco-purulent plug

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5
Q

atelectasis due to loss of lung expansion due to loss of surfactant

A

microatelectasis (pulled away from cavity walls)

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6
Q

microatelectasis occurs in which age groups?

A

young - neonatal lung

adults - disease affecting surfactant production

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7
Q

atelectasis due to fibrotic changes in lung or pleura, interfering with expansion and increases elastic recoil

A

contraction atelectasis

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8
Q

classification of lung disease: limitation of airflow to gas exchange surfaces resulting from an increase in resistance due to partial or complete obstruction

A

obstructive lung disease

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9
Q

with obstructive lung disease,
total lung capacity is _
forced vital capacity is _
expiratory flow rate is _

A

normal
normal
decreased (difficulty expiring, usually passive)

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10
Q

episodic and reversible bronchiospasms resulting from an exaggerated broncho-restrictor response to various causes:
-increased sensitivity to histamine and metacholine

A

asthma

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11
Q

_% of adults and _% of children are affected by asthma

A

5, 8-9 (more children)

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12
Q

EXTRINSIC asthma is initiated by type _ hypersensitivity reaction after exposure to allergen

A

1

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13
Q

most common form of extrinsic asthma is _

A

atopic asthma

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14
Q

extrinsic asthma most commonly occurs in which life period?

A

early life

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15
Q

intrinsic asthma is not as well understood, causes include:

A

viral infections
inhaled pollutants
(both of these affect non-asthmatics, but asthmatics more)

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16
Q

asthma results in occlusion of bronchi and bronchioles by _

A

mucous plugs

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17
Q

mucous contains sloughed epithelial cells and inflammatory cells such as _

A

eosinophils

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18
Q

with asthma, _ of walls of bronchioles occurs

A

edema and hyperemia

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19
Q

eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes are found in mucosal tissue why?

A

they move from blood stream to mucous membrane

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20
Q 
manifestations of asthma:
_ of basement membrane
_ of smooth muscle
_ of submucosal mucous glands
_ of goblet cells
A

inc thickness
hypertrophy and hyperplasia
increased size
increased number

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21
Q

hypercapnea is _

A

increased CO2 concentration

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22
Q

airflow obstruction resulting in increased difficulty in expiration

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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23
Q

COPD causes: (2)

A

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
(the 2 commonly coexist)

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24
Q

destruction of the alls of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles

A

emphysema

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25
Q

emphysema is a common disease, most cases _

A

are asymptomatic

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26
Q

emphysema is commonly associated with _

A

smoking

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27
Q

central/proximal parts of acini formed by respiratory bronchioles are affected and the distal alveoli are spared

A

centriacinar emphysema

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28
Q

centriacinar emphysema is most common in _ lung lobes

A

upper

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29
Q

acini are uniformly enlarged from level of respiratory bronchioles to the terminal blind alveoli

A

panacinar emphysema

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30
Q

panacinar emphysema is most common in _ lung lobes

A

lower

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31
Q

with emphysema, smoking will cause increase in accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages and release of _

A

elastases, increasing elastolytic activity

32
Q

smoking inhibits alpha 1 antitrypsin, which is an _

A

antielastase

33
Q

weight loss is a sign of emphysema because:

A

exhaling is now an active process

34
Q

with emphysema, there is prolonged expiration, hunched forward to squeeze air out, hypoxia leading to _

A

cyanosis

35
Q

cyanosis and weight loss is associated with which condition?

A

emphysema

36
Q

_ side heart failure is first due to increased resistance to blood flow through lung tissue

A

right

37
Q

chronic bronchitis is commonly associated with _

A

emphysema

38
Q

for chronic bronchitis, there needs to be a persistent cough for at least _ months in at least 2 consecutive years

A

3 months, 2 years

39
Q

chronic bronchitis is associated with:

A

inflammation, fibrosis, and narrowing of bronchioles

40
Q

permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of muscle and elastic supporting connective tissue

A

bronchiectasis

41
Q

_ is commonly associated with chronic necrotizing infections (pneumonia, whooping cough, foreigh body, flu)

A

bronchiectasis

42
Q

with bronciectasis, normal clearance methods are hampered by obstruction, causing build up of secretions, which _

A

leads to more microorganism growth and infection

43
Q

bronchiectasis usually affects the dependent parts of the lung, _

A

inferior aspect

44
Q

restrictive lung disease (aka interstitial lung disease) is characterized by _

A

reduced compliance

45
Q

with restrictive lung disease:
_ required to expand lungs
usually damage to _
interstitial fluid or fibrosis results in _ of lungs

A

more pressure
interstitial space
stiffening

46
Q

acute restrictive lung disease (ARDS) can be caused by:

A

infection, injury, inhaled irritants, chemical injury, uremia

47
Q

with ARDS, _ line alveoli

A

hyaline membranes

48
Q

Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease is associated with reduced _

A

vital capacity

49
Q

immune response of unknown origin that leads to chronic restrictive lung disease

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

50
Q

cause of chronic restrictive lung disease, causing non-caseating granulomas in many tissues and organs

A

sarcoidosis

51
Q

hypersensitivity pneumonitis is aka _

A

allergic alveolitis

52
Q

damage in hypersensitivity pneumonitis occurs at _

A

ALVEOLI

53
Q

pulmonary thromboembolism:
majority are venous or arterteous?
left or right?
lower or upper extremities?

A

venous
right
lower

54
Q

most pulmonary thromboembolism will arise from between _ veins

A

popliteal veins superior to iliac veins

55
Q

major factors that increase risk of venous thromboemboli:

  • prolonged bed rest with _
  • surgery of _
  • trauma like _
  • congestive heart failure
  • disseminated cancer
  • IV catheters
A

leg elevation
ankles and knees
fracture and burns

56
Q

inflammation of parenchymal structures of the lungs

A

pneumonia

57
Q

leading cause of death in debilitated patients:

A

pneumonia

58
Q

pneumonia is most likely due to _, but can also be due to chemicals

A

microorganisms (virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, etc)

59
Q

lobular vs lobar pneumonia?

A

lobular - part of lobe

lobar - entire lobe

60
Q

95% of pneumonia are caused by _

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

61
Q

pneumonia:

  • airspaces are _ filled with exudate
  • sudden onset
  • chills and involuntary shaking
  • malaise
  • productive cough - sputum with blood and pus
  • _ in lung sounds over affected area
A

homogeneously

reduction

62
Q

patchy pneumonia of inflammation involving more than one lobe

A

bronchopneumonia

63
Q

bronchopneumonia generally involved _ infections

A

bacterial

64
Q

interstitial pneumonia (aka _) primarily involved _ organisms

A

pneumonitis, viral

65
Q

primary pneumonia is associated with _

A

direct inhalation of pathogen

66
Q

with primary pneuomonia, there is _ exudates, _ consolidation of lung tissue
-leukocyte count: _

A

little; no

only slightly elevated

67
Q

secondary pneumonia occurs after _

A

lungs have been damaged (organisms spread from other areas of the body)

68
Q

secondary pneumonia is most commonly seen in _ patients

A

immunosuppressed

69
Q

pneumonia associated with aspiration of foreign matter

A

aspiration pneumonia

70
Q

non-neoplastic condition associated with reaction to inhalation of inorganic dust (coal dust, silica, etc)

A

pneumoconiosis

71
Q

coal dust causes _

-physically obstructs _

A

black lung disease or athracosis

gas exchange surfaces

72
Q

silica causes _

-associated with progressive _

A

silicosis

fibrosis

73
Q

beryllium causes _

A

berylliosis

74
Q

asbestos causes _

A

abestosis

75
Q

major pulmonary neoplasia associated with smoking and asbestosis _

A

bronchial carcinoma

76
Q

cancer associated with exposure to asbestos, long latent period

A

malignant mesothelioma

Pathology (8 decks)

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