3 - Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases

Question 1

collapse of the lung due to inadequate expansion of airspaces in lungs

Answer 1

atelectasis

Question 2

atelectasis due to compression of lungs by material in pleural space

Answer 2

compression atelectasis

Question 3

atelectasis due to obstruction that prevents air from reaching exchange surface

Answer 3

resorption atelectasis

Question 4

most common causes of resorption atelectasis:

Answer 4

obstruction of bronchus by mucous or muco-purulent plug

Question 5

atelectasis due to loss of lung expansion due to loss of surfactant

Answer 5

microatelectasis (pulled away from cavity walls)

Question 6

microatelectasis occurs in which age groups?

Answer 6

young - neonatal lung

adults - disease affecting surfactant production

Question 7

atelectasis due to fibrotic changes in lung or pleura, interfering with expansion and increases elastic recoil

Answer 7

contraction atelectasis

Question 8

classification of lung disease: limitation of airflow to gas exchange surfaces resulting from an increase in resistance due to partial or complete obstruction

Answer 8

obstructive lung disease

Question 9

with obstructive lung disease,
total lung capacity is _
forced vital capacity is _
expiratory flow rate is _

Answer 9

normal
normal
decreased (difficulty expiring, usually passive)

Question 10

episodic and reversible bronchiospasms resulting from an exaggerated broncho-restrictor response to various causes:
-increased sensitivity to histamine and metacholine

Answer 10

asthma

Question 11

_% of adults and _% of children are affected by asthma

Answer 11

5, 8-9 (more children)

Question 12

EXTRINSIC asthma is initiated by type _ hypersensitivity reaction after exposure to allergen

Answer 12

1

Question 13

most common form of extrinsic asthma is _

Answer 13

atopic asthma

Question 14

extrinsic asthma most commonly occurs in which life period?

Answer 14

early life

Question 15

intrinsic asthma is not as well understood, causes include:

Answer 15

viral infections
inhaled pollutants
(both of these affect non-asthmatics, but asthmatics more)

Question 16

asthma results in occlusion of bronchi and bronchioles by _

Answer 16

mucous plugs

Question 17

mucous contains sloughed epithelial cells and inflammatory cells such as _

Answer 17

eosinophils

Question 18

with asthma, _ of walls of bronchioles occurs

Answer 18

edema and hyperemia

Question 19

eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes are found in mucosal tissue why?

Answer 19

they move from blood stream to mucous membrane

Question 20

manifestations of asthma:
_ of basement membrane
_ of smooth muscle
_ of submucosal mucous glands
_ of goblet cells

Answer 20

inc thickness
hypertrophy and hyperplasia
increased size
increased number

Question 21

hypercapnea is _

Answer 21

increased CO2 concentration

Question 22

airflow obstruction resulting in increased difficulty in expiration

Answer 22

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 23

COPD causes: (2)

Answer 23

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
(the 2 commonly coexist)

Question 24

destruction of the alls of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles

Answer 24

emphysema

Question 25

emphysema is a common disease, most cases _

Answer 25

are asymptomatic

Question 26

emphysema is commonly associated with _

Answer 26

smoking

Question 27

central/proximal parts of acini formed by respiratory bronchioles are affected and the distal alveoli are spared

Answer 27

centriacinar emphysema

Question 28

centriacinar emphysema is most common in _ lung lobes

Answer 28

upper

Question 29

acini are uniformly enlarged from level of respiratory bronchioles to the terminal blind alveoli

Answer 29

panacinar emphysema

Question 30

panacinar emphysema is most common in _ lung lobes

Answer 30

lower

Question 31

with emphysema, smoking will cause increase in accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages and release of _

Answer 31

elastases, increasing elastolytic activity

Question 32

smoking inhibits alpha 1 antitrypsin, which is an _

Answer 32

antielastase

Question 33

weight loss is a sign of emphysema because:

Answer 33

exhaling is now an active process

Question 34

with emphysema, there is prolonged expiration, hunched forward to squeeze air out, hypoxia leading to _

Answer 34

cyanosis

Question 35

cyanosis and weight loss is associated with which condition?

Answer 35

emphysema

Question 36

_ side heart failure is first due to increased resistance to blood flow through lung tissue

Answer 36

right

Question 37

chronic bronchitis is commonly associated with _

Answer 37

emphysema

Question 38

for chronic bronchitis, there needs to be a persistent cough for at least _ months in at least 2 consecutive years

Answer 38

3 months, 2 years

Question 39

chronic bronchitis is associated with:

Answer 39

inflammation, fibrosis, and narrowing of bronchioles

Question 40

permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of muscle and elastic supporting connective tissue

Answer 40

bronchiectasis

Question 41

_ is commonly associated with chronic necrotizing infections (pneumonia, whooping cough, foreigh body, flu)

Answer 41

bronchiectasis

Question 42

with bronciectasis, normal clearance methods are hampered by obstruction, causing build up of secretions, which _

Answer 42

leads to more microorganism growth and infection

Question 43

bronchiectasis usually affects the dependent parts of the lung, _

Answer 43

inferior aspect

Question 44

restrictive lung disease (aka interstitial lung disease) is characterized by _

Answer 44

reduced compliance

Question 45

with restrictive lung disease: _ required to expand lungs usually damage to _ interstitial fluid or fibrosis results in _ of lungs

Answer 45

more pressure interstitial space stiffening

Question 46

acute restrictive lung disease (ARDS) can be caused by:

Answer 46

infection, injury, inhaled irritants, chemical injury, uremia

Question 47

with ARDS, _ line alveoli

Answer 47

hyaline membranes

Question 48

Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease is associated with reduced _

Answer 48

vital capacity

Question 49

immune response of unknown origin that leads to chronic restrictive lung disease

Answer 49

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Question 50

cause of chronic restrictive lung disease, causing non-caseating granulomas in many tissues and organs

Answer 50

sarcoidosis

Question 51

hypersensitivity pneumonitis is aka _

Answer 51

allergic alveolitis

Question 52

damage in hypersensitivity pneumonitis occurs at _

Answer 52

ALVEOLI

Question 53

pulmonary thromboembolism: majority are venous or arterteous? left or right? lower or upper extremities?

Answer 53

venous right lower

Question 54

most pulmonary thromboembolism will arise from between _ veins

Answer 54

popliteal veins superior to iliac veins

Question 55

major factors that increase risk of venous thromboemboli: - prolonged bed rest with _ - surgery of _ - trauma like _ - congestive heart failure - disseminated cancer - IV catheters

Answer 55

leg elevation ankles and knees fracture and burns

Question 56

inflammation of parenchymal structures of the lungs

Answer 56

pneumonia

Question 57

leading cause of death in debilitated patients:

Answer 57

pneumonia

Question 58

pneumonia is most likely due to _, but can also be due to chemicals

Answer 58

microorganisms (virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, etc)

Question 59

lobular vs lobar pneumonia?

Answer 59

lobular - part of lobe | lobar - entire lobe

Question 60

95% of pneumonia are caused by _

Answer 60

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 61

pneumonia: - airspaces are _ filled with exudate - sudden onset - chills and involuntary shaking - malaise - productive cough - sputum with blood and pus - _ in lung sounds over affected area

Answer 61

homogeneously | reduction

Question 62

patchy pneumonia of inflammation involving more than one lobe

Answer 62

bronchopneumonia

Question 63

bronchopneumonia generally involved _ infections

Answer 63

bacterial

Question 64

interstitial pneumonia (aka _) primarily involved _ organisms

Answer 64

pneumonitis, viral

Question 65

primary pneumonia is associated with _

Answer 65

direct inhalation of pathogen

Question 66

with primary pneuomonia, there is _ exudates, _ consolidation of lung tissue -leukocyte count: _

Answer 66

little; no | only slightly elevated

Question 67

secondary pneumonia occurs after _

Answer 67

lungs have been damaged (organisms spread from other areas of the body)

Question 68

secondary pneumonia is most commonly seen in _ patients

Answer 68

immunosuppressed

Question 69

pneumonia associated with aspiration of foreign matter

Answer 69

aspiration pneumonia

Question 70

non-neoplastic condition associated with reaction to inhalation of inorganic dust (coal dust, silica, etc)

Answer 70

pneumoconiosis

Question 71

coal dust causes _ | -physically obstructs _

Answer 71

black lung disease or athracosis | gas exchange surfaces

Question 72

silica causes _ | -associated with progressive _

Answer 72

silicosis | fibrosis

Question 73

beryllium causes _

Answer 73

berylliosis

Question 74

asbestos causes _

Answer 74

abestosis

Question 75

major pulmonary neoplasia associated with smoking and asbestosis _

Answer 75

bronchial carcinoma

Question 76

cancer associated with exposure to asbestos, long latent period

Answer 76

malignant mesothelioma