Neoplasia Flashcards by Rob Devine

Abnormal mass of tissue whose growth exceeds that of normal tissue

Neoplasm

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Name the three categories of neoplasm:

Benign
Malignant
Metastasis

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How are tumor cells typically carried?

lymphatics

- blood

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____ tumors are designated by adding the suffix “oma” to the cell type. Ex: fibrous tissue = fibroma

Benign

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____ arise from mesenchymal tissue, while ____ are of epithelial cell origin

Sarcomas, Carcinomas

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Carcinomas typically spread by ____, while sarcomas favor a _____ spread

Lymphatics, hematogenous

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A general term for a malignant tumor of any type

Cancer

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_____ is a BENIGN tumor of glandular epithelial origin, and ____ is a MALIGNANT tumor of glandular epithelial origin

Adenoma, adenocarcinoma

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Name the histologic grading scale for malignant tumors

Broder’s grade

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What are the grades given to malignant tumors (Broder’s scale) in numbers?

Grade 1-4

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____ is a histologic change indicating neoplastic change of the cells showing it (Ex: uterine cervical squamous epithelium)

Cellular dysplasia

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Cellular dysplasia can be graded as mild, moderate or severe (severe being squamous cell carcinoma in situ). What test is normally done on the cervix to grade these?

Pap smear

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The “CIN” system stands for?

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (grading scale)

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5 most common metastasis sites?

adrenal
brain
liver
lung
bone

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In the TNM system of staging malignant tumors, the T is for what?

Describing the size of the primary tumor

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In the TNM system, the N =?

Indicates the presence or absence of lymph node spread and the extent of spread (metastasis) when it is present

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In the TNM system, M = ?

The presence or absence of hematogenous (blood borne) metastasis and the extent if it is present

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A tumor mass results from the clonal expansion of a single progenitor cell that has been genetically damaged by environmental agents such as chemicals, radiation, viruses, or inherited

Genetic hypothesis of Cancer

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The induction or formation of tumors (cancer)

Oncogenesis

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Precursors of oncogenes

Protooncogene

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Genes that produce cancer

Oncogene

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Activation of __ protooncogene is associated with 30% of cancers

ras

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Translocation of the __ protooncogene from chr 9 to chr 22 causes Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

abl

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Inactivation of __ suppressor gene on chr 17 or chr 5 is associated w/the familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome or Gardner’s syndrome

APC

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UV light induces formation of thymidine dimers which distort DNA molecules causing ___ CA

Skin

X-rays and gamma-rays ____ water into free radicals which are mutagenic to DNA

Hydrolyze

Control of cell growth involves 5 types of ____

Proteins

All normal cells require ___ stimulation for proliferation

Growth factor (GF)

____ GF receptor (ERBB1) is overexpressed in ~80% of squamous cell CA of lung, epithelial tumors of head and neck, and ~50% of glioblastomas (malignant tumor affecting head or spine)

Epidermal

Transforming GF alpha (TGF-Alpha) is secreted by ____

Sarcomas

Hepatocyte GF (HGF) is secreted by follicular CA of the ____

Thyroid

Platelet derived GF (PDGF) is secreted by _____

Glioblastomas

The proteins that take the message into the cell nucleus are called ____

Intracellular Signal Transducers

Two important members of signal transmitting proteins are ___ and ___

RAS, Abl

Normal Abl resides in the ____ where it promotes apoptosis of damaged DNA

Nucleus

In leukemias, mutated Abl (BCR-Abl) gene cannot perform apoptosis of damaged DNA because it is retained in the ______

Cytoplasm

The mutated BCR-Abl can be blocked with ____ to stop the wrong signal for proliferation and survival (ultimately becomes leukemia)

Gleevec

Proteins that attach to DNA and initiate transcription

Transcription Factors

The oncogenic versions of the ___ gene are associated w/persistent or over-expression leading to sustained proliferation

Myc

Dysregulation of the Myc gene resulting from a translocation occurs in ____ lymphoma (B cell tumor)

Burkitt

Cell cyclins and Cylcin-dependent kinases (CDK) regulate the cell cycle via ______ of various substrates

Phosphorylation

Cyclin _ or CDK_ are a common event in neoplastic transformation

D, 4

In the cell cycle, the replication of DNA (10-12 hours) is called the ____ phase

Synthesis (S)

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the production of proteins needed for mitosis?

G2 phase (Gap 2)

The mitotic phase of the cell cycle take less than __ hr(s)

Which phase of the cell cycle is known as the functional phase?

G0 (Gap 0)

The G1 phase of the cell cycle is the initial preparations for cell division involving ____ duplication

Centrosome

__ is activated by DNA damage. The activation drives transcription of CDKN1A which prevents RB gene phosphorylation causing a block in the G1-S portion of cell cycle (allowing repair)

p53

If repair is not possible, p53 induces _____

Apoptosis

p53 can be inactivated by binding to proteins encoded by oncogenic DNA viruses like ___ and ___

HBV, HPV

Is HIV an RNA or DNA virus?

RNA

HIV invades ___ cells

CD4

3 phases of HIV infection?

- acute - chronic - crisis

The CDC defines any HIV-infected individual as having AIDS when CD4+ T Cell count is < or = ___uL

200

Give some symptoms the patient will have during the crisis phase of an HIV infection

- fever > 1 month - fatigue - weight loss - diarrhea

Treatment for HIV includes HAART. What is this?

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy

Treatment for HIV also includes 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors + 1 ____ inhibitor

Protease

Most common cause of death in CA (cancer)?

Infections

Progressive wasting 2nd order to release of TNF-Alpha is called?

Cachexia

SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone) secretion and Cushing syndrome are associated w/small cell ___ cancer

Lung

___calcemia is associated w/lung, head, neck, and ovarian cancers

Hyper

___ thrombosis is associated w/pancreatic and lung cancer

Venous

Autoimmune production of antibodies against the motor end plate

Myasthenia gravis

Antibodies against the voltage gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal

Eaton-Lambert Syndrome

Tumor markers are found in the ___ or ___

Urine, blood

Tumor marker for prostate?

Prostate-specific hormone (PSA)

Tumor marker for colorectal and stomach?

CEA

Calcitonin is the tumor marker for the ___ gland

Thyroid

CA-125 is the tumor marker for ___ CA

Ovarian

CA-19-9 is the tumor marker for? (2)

Pancreas, colon

Chemotherapy can reach primary as well as secondary sites. It is toxic to ____ cells

Fast dividing

The MCC of Cancer deaths by Gender: 1. Lung and bronchus 2. (Gender specific) 3. Colon and rectum 4. Pancreas 5. _____ (different)

2. Prostate, Breast | 5. Leukemia, Ovary