GastroIntestinal Flashcards by Rob Devine

What is the common name for an aphthous ulcer (of the mouth)?

Canker Sore

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The common name for Herpetic Stomatitis? This is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1)

Cold sores (or fever blisters)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True/False: HSV-1 (cold sore) lies dormant in the trigeminal ganglia and can be reactivated during stress, trauma, or infections

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the test used for identification of polykaryons in the blister fluid of cold sores? (HSV-1)

Tzanck test

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the lesion: Most common fungal infection of the oral cavity in immunocompromised patients. It is a pseudomembrane overlying an erythematous (red) inflammatory base.

Oral candidiasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A whitish, well-defined oral patch or plaque caused by epidermal thickening or hyperkeratosis. Cannot be scraped off. Increased association w/tobacco use

Oral leukoplakia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some 3-25% of oral leukoplakia transform into ___ cell carcinoma

Squamous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which lesion appears darker - squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oral cavity lesions have a 90% survival rate if discovered early, but that number drops to <20% with ___ metastasis (the cancer has traveled to a distant location and formed a tumor there)

Lymph Node

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inflammation of the salivary gland

Sialadenitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The most common lesion of the salivary gland is a ____

Mucocele

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A type of cyst that forms when an obstruction or rupture of a salivary gland duct occurs w/leakage of saliva into surrounding tissues

Mucocele

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sialadenitis (inflammation of salivary gland) can be due to an ascending bacterial infection from ___ or ___

Staph, strep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The autoimmune disease that affects the lacrimal glands and may affect all of the salivary glands is called ____ (dry eyes, dry mouth)

Sjogrens Syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A viral infection which mainly involves the parotid gland, and in adults may involve the pancreas or testis is know as ___

Mumps

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax with swallowing, and decreased esophageal peristalsis (contractions) is referred to as Esophageal ____

Achalasia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs

Carcinoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bulging of tissue or organ through an abnormal opening

Hernia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Protrusion of the stomach above the diaphragm which results in a bell-shaped dilation is a ___ hernia (95% of cases)

Sliding (hiatal)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The more serious type of GI hernia is the ____ hernia. A separate part of the stomach enters the thorax and resides next the the esophagus. This type can restrict blood supply (strangulated)

Paraesophageal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation and fibrous thickening of tissue. Usually a result of alcoholism or hepatitis.

Cirrhosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When portal venous blood flow is obstructed (such as in cirrhosis) collateral channels are evoked. When the veins of the esophagus in turn dilate, it is known as _____

Esophageal Varices

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lacerations in the lower esophagus with tearing of these veins can produce massive life threatening hemorrhage. This is known as ____ syndrome

Mallory-Weiss

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is GERD?

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Symptoms of heartburn with concurrent regurgitation of a sour taste. What is it?

GERD

The replacement of normal esophageal squamous epithelium by columnar epithelium. This gives a greatly increased risk of adenocarcinoma and is the 2nd most common cause of esophageal cancer

Barrett's Esophagus

Worldwide squamous cell carcinoma constitutes __% of esophageal carcinomas, while in the US it is only 50%, with the other 50% being _____

90%, adenocarcinoma

5yr survival rate of esophageal carcinoma?

<5%

Top 3 causes of gastritis?

- excessive alcohol use - excessive NSAID use - heavy smoking

Which type of chronic gastritis? Associated w/pernicious anemia (due to vitamin B12 deficiency) and achlorhydia (decreased gastric acid). An organ specific autoimmune disease w/autoantibodies against the gastric parietal cells resulting in it's destruction

Type A (chronic antral and distal body gastritis)

This type of chronic gastritis is associated w/H. Pylori. The bacteria can cause chronic pangastritis leading to multifocal atrophy (toxic ammonia effects)

Type B (antral)

Which type of chronic gastritis is treated w/B12 administration?

Type A

There is a strong causal relationship between H. Pylori and peptic ____

Ulcers

____ is present in 90% of duodenal ulcer patients and 70% of gastric ulcer patients

H. Pylori

___ ulcers have a 2:1 male to female ratio, while ___ ulcers is 1:1

Duodenal, gastric

___ ulcers are aggravated by food, while ___ ulcers are relieved by food

Gastric, duodenal

Inflammation of the intestine, especially the small intestine, usually accompanied by diarrhea

Enteritis

In ___ enterocolitis, bacteria do not invade the bowel wall and do not usually damage mucosal epithelial cells. Non-bloody diarrhea

Enterotoxigenic

In ____ enterocolitis, bacteria invade the bowel wall and damage mucosal epithelial cells to cause necrosis E. coli, shigella, salmonella, yersinia, campylobacter, clostridium difficile. This infection could occur w/use of oral antibiotics. Results in bloody diarrhea

Enteroinvasive

What is the most common bacterial strain in North America causing enterocolitis?

Shiga-producing strain O157:H7

The shiga-producing strain O157:H7 is in children, and is followed by ____ syndrome

Hemolytic uremic (anemia, uremia, thrombocytopenia)

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count

Uremia

Acute kidney failure

The most common childhood cause of diarrhea?

Rotavirus

Common viral cause of adult and childhood diarrhea?

Norwalk virus (caliciviruses)

Results from a failure of normal absorption of fats, carbs, proteins, fat soluble vitamins and water

Malabsorption

List the three most common causes of malabsorption

1. Pancreatic insufficiency 2. Bile salt deficiency 3. Small bowel disease

The functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue

Parenchyma

The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis (irreversible destruction of pancreatic parenchyma) is?

Long-term alcohol abuse

___ will present with recurrent abdominal and back pain + elevated serum amylase, jaundice or vague indigestion, weight loss and malabsorption

Chronic pancreatitis

Any condition in which the flow of bile from the liver stops or slows

Cholestasis

Severe itching of the skin (commonly caused by cirrhosis)

Pruritus

___ results from retention of bilirubin (>2.0mg/dL)

Jaundice

A small bowel disease, ___ disease is caused by sensitivity to gluten (protein found in wheats, oats, barley and rye)

Celiac

____ occurs in people visiting or living in the topics. Malabsorption within days or weeks after an acute diarrheal infection

Tropical sprue

A rare disease which affects the intestine, CNS and joints. Related to G+ organism Topheryma Whipelli. Presents w/ lymphadenopathy, hyperpigmentation, polyarthritis, and CNS complaints

Whipple Disease

___ disease will present with the passage of bulky, frothy, greasy, yellow or gray stools, weight loss, anorexia, abdominal distention, flatus, muscle wasting

Celiac disease

Gas in or from the stomach or intestines, produced by swallowing air or bacterial fermentation

Flatus

Outpouchings of the inner lining of the intestines that protrude through the vessel wall (weakened areas of the bowel wall). Most occur in the sigmoid colon.

Diverticulosis

___ disease is caused by occlusion of a major mesenteric artery. It is secondary to thrombosis, embolism, shock, vasospasm, mechanical obstruction.

Ischemic bowel disease

Existing or occurring across the entire wall of an organ or blood vessel

Transmural

____ infarction presents acutely w/sudden onset bloody diarrhea and hypotension. It is transmural (extends across entire wall)

Small bowel infarction

Adhesions from previous abdominal surgery are the most common cause of this. An indirect inguinal hernia is the 2nd MCC (Sm bowel extends into the scrotal sac).

Bowel obstruction

Results from abnormal local immune response against normal flora of the gut

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

___ disease can affect any part of the GI tract, but usually involves the distal small bowel and/or colon. It may show SKIP AREAS between the involved segments

Crohn's

____ only involves the colon and begins distally in the rectal area to extend in a CONTINUOUS manner proximally. It may involve the entire colon.

Ulcerative colitis

A small growth, typically benign and w/a stalk, protruding from a mucous membrane (into a lumen)

Polyp

A tubular adenomatous polyp (neoplastic) accounts for >__% of the total. They are smaller and asymptomatic until bleeding leads to anemia

90%

Most common polyposis syndrome?

Familial polyposis coli

Familial polyposis coli is an autosomal dominant condition associated with inactivation of APC suppressor gene on chromosome __

___ tumors are neuroendocrine malignant tumors of the small and large bowel (intestines)

Carcinoid

A malignant tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue

Adenocarcinoma

A hard stony mass of feces in the intestinal tract

Fecalith

____ is associated with obstruction of the lumen by a fecalith. It leads to ischemic mucosal injury and bacterial invasion and is treated by surgical removal.

Appendicitis

Most of the bilirubin (85%) is formed in the ___

Spleen

Before being processed by the hepatocyte, the bilirubin is not water soluble and is termed _____ bilirubin

Unconjugated

What does bilirubin do?

Helps break down Heme

When the rate of bilirubin production and clearance is disturbed, ____ occurs

Jaundice

Hepatitis _ and _ are FOOD BORNE. The person develops lifelong immunity and recovers from the illness

A, E

Hepatitis _, _, and _ are BLOOD BORNE

B, C, D

Of the 3 hepatitis B virus antigens, HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen) does/does not appear in the blood

DOES NOT

Some __% of Hepatitis B Virus patients recover and become immune

90%

Only __ to __% of hepatitis C virus patients recover and develop immunity because antibodies against HCV do not produce immunity to the virus.

15-30%