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Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Define Neoplasia…

A

Process of tumor formation.

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2
Q

Define Neoplasm…

A

“New Growth” - - cells originally derived from normal tissue that have undergone heritable genetic changes that allows them to become relatively unresponsive to normal growth controls and expand beyond their normal anatomic boundary

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3
Q

Define Oncology…

A

the study of tumors or neoplasms

Latin: oncos = tumor

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4
Q

What are the 2 basic components of Neoplasm (tumor)?

A
  1. Parenchyma

2. Stroma

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5
Q

What is Stroma?

A

Connective tissue and blood vessels supporting neoplastic cells

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6
Q

Some tumors induce prominent desmoplasia. What is Desmoplasia? Give an example.

A

formation and development of collagen-rich, fibrous connective tissue storm
ex: scirrous carcinomas - “stony hard consistency”

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7
Q

List 3 examples of Pre-Neoplastic changes…

A

Preneoplastic…

  1. Hyperplasia
  2. Metaplasia
  3. Dysplasia
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8
Q

Define Metaplasia…

A

Reversible change in which one

adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type of the same germ cell line.

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9
Q

What preneoplastic change is often, but not always an adaptive response? (Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, or Dysplasia)

A

Metaplasia is often, but not always an adaptive response.

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10
Q

Chronic, heavy cigarette smokers are at a 10-fold greater risk of developing lung cancer in comparison to non-smokers due to impaired function of the mucociliary escalator. This is due to:
a. Respiratory squamous epithelium metaplasia
b. Respiratory squamous epithelium hyperplasia
c. Respiratory squamous epithelium dysplasia
Choose all that apply.

A

Impaired function of the mucociliary escalator is due to…

a. Respiratory squamous epithelium METAPLASIA.

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11
Q

What are the 4 classifications of tumors?

A
  1. Mesenchymal tumors
  2. Epithelial tumors
  3. Undifferentiated tumors
  4. Mixed tumors
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12
Q

A malignant tumor of epithelial origin that is still confined within the basement membrane is termed….

A

Carcinoma in situ

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13
Q

What is the prognosis of Carcinoma in situ?

A

Pretty Good Prognosis!

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14
Q

White Cats that are exposed to long time periods of Sunlight/UV Light risk development of…

A

Carcinoma in situ…on the tips of their ears…CAN develop into Squamous Cell Carcinoma = BAD!

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15
Q

Mesenchymal tumors arise from cells of what origin?

A

Mesodermal Origin

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16
Q

Epithelial tumors arise from cells of what origin?

A

Endodermal and Ectodermal Origin

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17
Q

What are Benign, epithelial tumors called?

A

Papilloma

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18
Q

Malignant, epithelial tumors are called….

A

Carcinoma

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19
Q

What suffix is used for Benign, Mesenchymal tumors?

A

suffix “oma”

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20
Q

What suffix is used for Malignant, Mesenchymal tumors?

A

suffix “sarcoma”

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21
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

Exophytic growth from an epithelial surface; POLYP - benign, epithelial tumor that projects from a mucosal surface.

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22
Q

How do you say “malignant tumor of the liver”?

A

Hepatocarcinoma

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23
Q

What is the origin of Mixed Tumors?

A

Pluripotential or Totipotential cells.

**Mixed tumors are composed of multiple cell types derived from a single or multiple germ cell layers.

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24
Q

List 3 examples of Mixed tumors…

A
  1. Mixed mammary tumors in dogs
  2. Teratomas
  3. Nephroblastoma (Embryonal nephroma, Wilms’ tumor)
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25
Q

Where do teratomas arise from?

A

Totipotent germ cells

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26
Q

What do teratomas contain and consist of?

A

Teratomas contain: tissues derived from all embryonic cell layers
Teratomas consist of: mixture of adult and embryonic tissue types

27
Q

What is the Tissue of Origin for Nephroblastomas?

A

Metanephric Blastema

28
Q

Young, German Shepherds may develop a unique tumor located in the thoracolumbar junction of the spinal cord. This tumor is believed to be…

A

A Nephroblastoma.

29
Q

Where are teratomas commonly found?

A

Gonads - testes and occasionally the ovaries
Mainly in Horses.
Usually Benign.

30
Q

Nephroblastoma is AKA…

A

Embryonic Nephromas

Wilm’s Tumors

31
Q

What is the Nephroblastoma tissue of origin?

A

Metanephric blastema

32
Q

What are the components of Nephroblastomas?

A

Epithelial and mesenchymal components.

33
Q

T/F: Nephroblastomas are relatively rare tumors.

A

False. Nephroblatomas are relatively COMMON tumors.

34
Q

What are the factors to consider when comparing the biology of tumors: benign vs. malignant? (4)

A

a) Differentiation/ anaplasia
b) Rate of growth
c) Local invasion (expansile/ infiltrative growth)
d) Presence or absence of metastasis

35
Q

Choose the correct response:
Malignant tumors have a (high/low) mitotic rate. These tumor cells are more often (well-differentiated/undifferentiated). Malignant tumors will exhibit the (presence/absence) of metastasis.

A

High
UNdifferentiated - Anaplastic
Presence of Metastasis

IDK why the full question is not showing up on some of my questions…Sorry!

36
Q

Aplasia is AKA….

A

Cellular atypia

37
Q

Aplasia or Cellular Atypia is characterized by…(4)

A
  1. Pleomorphism
  2. Abnormal nuclear morphology
  3. High mitotic rate
  4. Loss of polarity (disorganization)
38
Q

The main mechanisms that regulate tissue growth are…

A
  1. rate of cell proliferation - cells undergoing mitotic activity
  2. rate of apoptosis (programmed cell death)
39
Q

True/False: Many malignant tumors have genetic mutations of genes that control apoptosis and are said to acquire Genomic Instability.

A

True

40
Q

Choose the correct response:

Malignant tumors are more (progressive/conservative) and can become (more/less) malignant over time.

A

Progressive

More

41
Q

What are examples of Permanent Cells?

A

Neurons, cardiac myocytes

42
Q

What is an example of Quiescent/stable cells?

A

Hepatocytes

43
Q

What are examples of Continuously cycling labile cells?

A

Epidermis (remember chemotherapy - hair loss)
GI tract epithelium (damages the lining)

**cells that are consistently undergoing cellular division and have a higher mitotic rate - more susceptible to radiation and chemotherapy - this is why a complication of chemotherapy is bone marrow suppression making them more susceptible to infection and HAIR LOSS

44
Q

How do neoplasms affect apoptosis?

A

Neoplasms may alter apoptotic pathways leading to further genomic instability.

45
Q

What animal is used to describe the pattern of growth of malignant tumors?

A

Crab

When you think of CANCER, think of CRABS! - words from our professor

46
Q

What tumors are infiltrative and invade and destroy the surrounding tissues?

A

Malignant tumors are infiltrative and invade and destroy the surrounding tissues.

47
Q

Fill in the blank.
Cancer cells are characterized as having (blank) behavior and unchecked (blank) and (blank) respond to their microenvironment.

Word Bank:
Abnormal, Autonomous, Proliferation, Normal, Degeneration, Dependent

A

AUTONOMOUS behaviour and unchecked

PROLIFERATION and ABNORMALLY respond to their microenvironment

48
Q

What is a benign, proliferative lesion on the surface of the brain?

A

Meningioma

49
Q

If a meningioma becomes invasive, it is called….

A

Malignant Meningioma…NOT Meningiosarcoma

50
Q

What are the 3 pathways of tumor spread?

A
  1. transcoelomic spread
  2. lymphatic spread
  3. hematogenous spread
51
Q

What is transcoelomic spread?

A

seeding of body cavities and surfaces

52
Q

Transcoelomic spread is characteristic to what type of tumor?

A

Carcinomas

53
Q

Lymphatic spread is characteristic of what type of tumor?

A

Carcinomas mainly!

54
Q

Hematogenous spread is characteristic of what type of tumor?

A

Sarcomas mainly!

55
Q

In the Metastatic Cascade, Cell migration is stimulated by…

A

Autocrine Growth Factors

56
Q

In the Metastatic Cascade, Degradation of the BM and ECM components occurs by…

A

increased protease activity

57
Q

What are examples of matrix metalloproteinases - proteases involved in the Metastatic Cascade? (3)

A
  1. type IV collagenase
  2. urokinase
  3. serine protease
58
Q

In the Metastatic Cascade, what ECM components do integrin and other receptors bind to? (4)

A

fibronectin
laminin
collagen
vitronectin

59
Q

True/False: An important role in tumor carcinogenesis involves tumor-stromal interactions.

A

True.

LEARN THE CHART ON SLIDE 45

60
Q

Tumor Production creates Stromal Responses involving what 4 structures?

A
  1. Inflammatory Cells
  2. Stromal Fibroblasts
  3. Extracellular Matrix
  4. Vascular Endothelium
61
Q

Tumor Production leads to Stromal Response which leads to Tumor Response. What are Tumor Responses?

A
  1. altered differentiation characteristics
  2. altered proliferation rate
  3. altered local invasiveness
  4. altered metastatic capability
62
Q

Tumor Heterogenicity is generated during….

Tumor Heterogenicity generates…

A 
• Generated during tumor growth
– By progressive accumulation of heritable changes in
tumor cells
• Generation of 
– subclones &
– successful subclones
63
Q

What are characteristics of successful subclones? (5)

A 
High proliferative rate
Evade host immune response
Stimulate development of independent blood supply
Independent of exogenous growth factors
Can spread to distant sites
64
Q

If you have tumor emboli, there is possibility of what?

A

Tumor metastasis

Pathology (14 decks)

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