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Pathology > Final Exam - Skin > Flashcards

Final Exam - Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Scale…

A

keratinized skin cells
Causes: keratinization disorder and chronic dermatitis
PP: inflamm./repair & disorder of growth

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2
Q

Crusts…

A

dried exudate, serum, blood and scale adhered to skin surface
Causes: pustular dermatitis, keratinization disorder, secondary to ulcers
PP: degeneration and necrosis and inflamm./repair

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3
Q

Epidermal Collarette..

A

circular rim of scale occurring secondary to rupture of a vesicle, papule or pustule

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4
Q

When you see Epidermal Collarette, THINK…

A

ruptured pustules!

  1. Dermatophytosis - “Ringworm”
  2. Demodex - Demodicosis
  3. Superficial Spreading Pyoderma
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5
Q

Ulcer..

A

loss of epidermis, basement membrane and exposure of dermis
Causes: secondary to - epidermal necrosis, inflammation, infarction, neoplasia
PP: autoimmune/viral, circulatory disorders, growth disorders, degeneration and necrosis, and inflamm./repair

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6
Q

Lichenification…

A

thickening/hardening of skin
“elephant skin”
Causes: chronic inflammation/irritation
PP: Inflamm./repair

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7
Q

Vesicle/Bulla…

A

elevation filled with clear fluid; palpable
Vesicle 1cm
Causes: autoimmune dermatoses, viral infs., chemical irritants, burns

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8
Q

Changes that lead to vesicle/bulla formation…

A

intercellular edema “spongiosis”
intracellular edema “hydropic degeneration”
disruption of intercellular junctions “acantholysis”

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9
Q

Sheep w/ Alopecia, Crusts, ulcers, Erythema and Edema….indicating disruption of the epidermis…what is the PP?

A

Degeneration/Necrosis
Inflamm/Repair

DDx: Photosensitization
Dermatophilus
Viral Infs. - bluetongue, pox (orf), vesicular disease (FMD, VS)

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10
Q

Pustule…

A

palpable elevation filled with pus
Causes: leukocyte infiltration
PP: inflamm/repair

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11
Q

Pathogensis of Photosensitization…

A

UV light absorbed by photodynamic chemicals in skin –> free radical damage –> epidermal necrosis of lightly pigmented or sparsely haired skin

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12
Q

Plaque…

A

Elevated, firm flat lesion >1 cm in diameter (coalesced papules)

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13
Q

Papules/Nodules…

A

Elevated, firm, circumscribed mass within the dermis
papule 1 cm
Causes: infiltrate of inflammatory cells, neoplastic cells, epidermal hyperplasia, or mineral deposits
PP: inflamm, growth disorder or deposits/pigments

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14
Q

Most Degeneration/Necrosis skin lesions have these features…

A

epidermal necrosis/ulceration
bacterial infection
leukocyte infiltration

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15
Q

Type I/Primary photosensitization (Exogenous)

A

ingestion of preformed photodynamic substances…

Plants: St. John’s Wort, lucerne, perennial ryegrass

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16
Q

Type II Photosensitization (Intrinsic)

A

porphyria; inherited deficiency in proporphyrinogen III cosynthase –> defect in heme synthesis –> build up or porphyrins

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17
Q

TypeIII/Secondary Photosensitization (Hepatogenous)

A

poor hepatic clearance of phylloerythrin –> biliary obstruction from toxins
Ex: Lantana, steroidal saponins, sporodesmin, pyrrolizidine alkaloids: aflatoxin and phomopsin

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18
Q

Solar Injury

A

UV mediated endothelial damage and cytokine production

Acute UV light exposure –> “sunburn” –> erythema–> blisters/vesicles–> sloughing of necrotic skin

Solar/actinic keratosis –> yrs of UV light exposure –> epidermal hyperplasia and dermal fibrosis/elastosis

Direct DNA damage and subsequent mutations –> increase risk of neoplasia

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19
Q

1st Degree Burns

A

superficial; epidermis; red/dark necrotic epidermis; complete healing

20
Q

2nd Degree Burns

A

epidermis and dermis involved; blisters/vesicles form; adnexa preserved so some regeneration w/ scarring

21
Q

3rd Degree Burns

A

epidermis, dermis and submits involved; sloughing; scarring; potentially life-threatening

22
Q

Cardinal signs of Inflammation…

A

erythema, edema, pain/itch, heat, exudate

23
Q

MDx for Inflammatory Skin Lesions…

A

“Blank Blank Dermatitis”

24
Q

Gross features of Early Dermatitis…

A

erythema, edema, +/- pustules, crusts, vesicles

25
Q

Gross features of Late Dermatitis…

A

alopecia, ulcers, scales, lichenification, pigmentary changes, fibrous/scarring

26
Q

Impetigo…

A

superficial pustular dermatitis; nonfollicular pustules that develop into crusts; prepubescent puppies - healthy otherwise; in adults, look for an underlying disease

27
Q

Intertrigo…

A

Skin Fold Pyoderma; Closely apposed skin –> Frictional trauma + Moisture –> Opportunistic bacterial infection
Erythema; MDx: neutrophilic dermatitis

Think English Bulldogs!

28
Q

Pyotraumatic Dermatitis

A

“Hot Spots”; self trauma –> bacterial infection –> alopecic
underlying pruritis usually from FAD; moist, alopecic, slightly raised red, well-circumscribed lesions –> ulcerating/crusting

29
Q

Pyoderma…

A

pus/inflammation of the skin; usually accompanied by bacterial inf.

30
Q

Alopecia..

A

absence of hair from a normally haired site

31
Q

Superficial Pyoderma…

A 
includes epidermis and hair follicles
Ex: Greasy Pig Disease
bacterial folliculitis
Impetigo
Dermatophilosis
32
Q

Deep Pyoderma…

A

deep dermis
Ex: bacterial furunculosis
abscess
“Dog with Chin acne”

33
Q

Greasy Pig Disease - Staphylococcus hyicus…

A

Exudative epidermatitis; erythema –> pustules –> crusts

Predisposing Factors: Skanky environment, lacerations, poor nutrition/husbandry

34
Q

Dermatophilus congolensis causes “Rain Rot” in Horses or “Lumpy Wool” in Sheep. What are the Predisposing Factors? Path./Lesions?

A

Dermatophilosis along the back (where animals get rained on); colonizes skin surfaces –> zoospores proliferate and penetrate epidermis –> stimulate neutrophil exocytosis –> pustules –> exudate –> matting of hair/wool –> alopecia

Predisposing Factors: wet/humid weather

35
Q

Demodicosis…

A

Causative agent: Demodex spp.
folliculitis, erythematous macules, ring-shaped alopecia, scaling

Indistinguishable from Canine Superficial Spreading Pyoderma

Localized - face and forelimbs
Generalized - linked to immunosuppression, neoplasia, and endocrinopathy

36
Q

Dermatophytosis…

A

Causative agents: Keratinophillic fungi Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton spp.) - colonize keratin
Folliculitis, erythematous macules, ring-shaped alopecia, scaling

Indistinguishable from Canine Superficial Spreading Pyoderma

Directly contagious - direct contact with infected scales; No Predisposing Factors needed; common in: immunocompromised or young animals in hot/humid environments

37
Q

Acantholysis…

A

loss of cohesion between keratinocytes; viral vesicle formation

Seen w/ pemphigus diseases and superficial bacterial infections

38
Q

Pemphigus foliaceus…

A

Auto-immune diseases involving Type II Hypersensitivity against cell adhesion proteins (desmosomes)
Most common, milder form in Horse, Dog, Cat, and Goat

CS: vesicles, pustules, crusts and ulcers

  • often involves: face, ears, footpads, clawbeds
  • aberrant/spontaneous, drug-induced or associated with allergic skin disease

-subcorneal vesicle formation; common in dogs with acantholytic keratinocytes w/ eosinophils and few neutrophils

39
Q

Sheep with early papular to vesicular scabs/crusts and later crusty exudative lesions…

A

ORF - contagious exanthema
MDx: papular/vesicular dermatitis/cheilitis

ZOONOTIC

40
Q

Pox Viruses…

A

Proliferative; epidermal hyperplasia;
Cause: cutaneous lesions; proliferative dermatitis
macule -> papule -> vesicle/bulla -> umbilicated pustule -> crust -> scar

41
Q

In backyard livestock, you see anorexia, ptyalism (hyper salivation), lameness, ulcerations and look around and find vesicles. What are the PP? Lesions? MDx? DDx?

A

PP: Inflammatory or Degeneration and Necrosis
Lesions: Ulcers…but you look around and also see Vesicles/Bulla
MDx: Vesicular Dermatitis
DDx: Viral Vesicular Diseases, Early Herpesvirus, Early Poxvirus

42
Q

What are the Vesicular Diseases and who do they infect?

A

Foot and Mouth (FM) - everyone but horses
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) - everyone
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES) - pig, fish, marine mammals
Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) - swine only

43
Q

The only way to distinguish between the Vesicular Diseases is through…

A

lab testing

44
Q

Herpesvirus can cause…

A

Cutaneous vesicles…Vesicular Dermatitis

45
Q

Vesiculo-ulcerative dermatitis in cattle due to BHV-2 is called…

A

Pseudo-lumpy Skin Disease

46
Q

T/F - BHV-2 can also cause vesiculo-ulcerative mammilitis in cattle.

A

True

47
Q

Panniculitis…

A

inflammation of adipose

Pathology (14 decks)

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