Neoplasia

Question 0

Senescent cells express which molecule?

Answer 0

SAGB

Senescence associated beta-galaxtosidase

Question 1

What is the major inhibitor of autophagy?

Answer 1

mTOR

Question 2

Chromosomal abnormality in 1/4 canine lymphomas

Answer 2

Trisomy of chromosome 13

Question 3

Which gene mutation is associated with Hereditary Nodular Dermofibrosis and renal cystadenocarcinoma

Answer 3

BHD gene

Question 4

Major types of epi genetic alteration

Answer 4

DNA Cytosine methylation

Histone modification

Question 5

Cell cycle stage when RB is Phosphorylated

Answer 5

Inactive RB

Cell can proceed through G1/S transition

Question 6

Cell cycle stage when RB is Hypophosphorylated

Answer 6

RB is active

Cell is quiescent

Question 7

Hyperphosphorylated RB is

Active/Inactive

Answer 7

Inactive

Question 8

Hypophosphorylated RB is

Active/Inactive

Answer 8

Active

Question 9

Effect of active RB on cell cycle

Answer 9

Inhibits cell cycle progression

Question 10

Effect of inactive RB on cell cycle

Answer 10

Cell cycle can proceed

Question 11

Loss of heterozygosity

Answer 11

Loss of remaining normal tumor suppressor gene so only mutant remains

Question 12

Haploinsufficiency

Answer 12

Inactivation of one allele is enough to allow tumor growth (some genes)

Question 13

How does cancer cell metabolism change?

Answer 13

Switches to aerobic glycolysis

“Warburg Effect”

Question 14

What inhibits PI3K

Answer 14

PTEN

Question 15

What does CDK4-D Cyclin do?

Answer 15

Phosphorylates RB -> cell cycle progresses through G1 restriction

Question 16

What induces p21?

Answer 16

P53

Question 17

What induces P27

Answer 17

Growth suppressors

Eg. TGF-B

Question 18

What induced p21 and what is the effect?

Answer 18

P53

Blocks cell cycle by binding to Cyclin-CDK complexes

Question 19

What does p16/INK4a do?

Answer 19

Binds Cyclin D-CDK4 prevents phosphorylation of RB -> cell cycle stopped

Question 20

What does p14/ARF do?

Answer 20

Inhibits MDM2 -> Increases p53

Question 21

P53 acts through which molecule to stop the cell cycle?

Answer 21

P21

Question 22

APC function

Answer 22

Inhibits WNT signalling

Question 23

NF1 function

Answer 23

Inhibits RAS/MAPK signalling

Question 24

NF2 function

Answer 24

Cytoskeleton stability | Hippo pathway signalling

Question 25

PTCH function

Answer 25

Inhibits Hedgehog signalling

Question 26

PTEN function

Answer 26

Inhibits PI3K/AKT signalling

Question 27

SMAD2 & 4 function

Answer 27

TGF-B signalling pathway: Inhibits MYC & CDK4 Induces CDK inhibitors

Question 28

Key cell cycle regulators that are commonly mutated in neoplastic cells

Answer 28

RB Cyclin D P21 CDK4

Question 29

MDM2 function

Answer 29

Degrades p53

Question 30

Which molecule causes scirrhous reaction in tumors?

Answer 30

PDGF

Question 31

What Cyclin complexes regulate the G1-S transition?

Answer 31

CDK4-Cyclin D CDK6-Cyclin D CDK2-Cyclin E

Question 32

Which Cyclin complexes are active during S phase?

Answer 32

CDK1&2-Cyclin A

Question 33

Which Cyclin complex is active during the G2-M transition

Answer 33

CDK1-Cyclin B

Question 34

Inhibitors of CDK4 & 6 - Cyclin D complexes

Answer 34

``` INK4 Inhibitors: P15 P16 P18 P19 ```

Question 35

Inhibitors of all CDKs

Answer 35

P21 P27 P57

Question 36

Molecules that sense DNA damage and their effect

Answer 36

ATM & ATR | Inactivate MDM2 -> increase p53

Question 37

Keg molecule affected by loss-of-function mutations in VHF

Answer 37

HIF1-a

Question 38

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases inactivate which molecule to alter metabolism in neoplastic cells & effect

Answer 38

M2 Isoform of pyruvate kinase | Dams pathway -> intermediates for macromolecule synthesis

Question 39

FLIP

Answer 39

Protein that binds to death-induced signalling complex -> prevents Caspase 8 activation

Question 40

Anti-apoptosic molecules upregulated in neoplastic cells

Answer 40

BCL-2 BCL-XL MCL-1

Question 41

Main proteases for tumor invasion

Answer 41

MMP Cathepsin D Urokinase plasminogen activator

Question 42

Genetic alteration in canine mast cell tumors

Answer 42

Internal tandem duplication of c-kit gene

Question 43

Gene mutated by aflatoxin B1

Answer 43

P53

Question 44

Characteristic of DNA mismatch repair defects

Answer 44

Microsatellite instability

Question 45

PP2A function

Answer 45

Tumor suppressor that negatively regulates RAF, MEK (both downstream of RAS) and AKT

Question 46

LKB1 function

Answer 46

Epithelial protein for contact inhibition | Loss= cells are susceptible to MYC induced carcinogenesis

Question 47

Which molecule is upregulated in neoplastic cells to support energy demands of aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 47

GLU1 | - glucose transporter