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General Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

0
Q

Senescent cells express which molecule?

A

SAGB

Senescence associated beta-galaxtosidase

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1
Q

What is the major inhibitor of autophagy?

A

mTOR

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2
Q

Chromosomal abnormality in 1/4 canine lymphomas

A

Trisomy of chromosome 13

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3
Q

Which gene mutation is associated with Hereditary Nodular Dermofibrosis and renal cystadenocarcinoma

A

BHD gene

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4
Q

Major types of epi genetic alteration

A

DNA Cytosine methylation

Histone modification

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5
Q

Cell cycle stage when RB is Phosphorylated

A

Inactive RB

Cell can proceed through G1/S transition

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6
Q

Cell cycle stage when RB is Hypophosphorylated

A

RB is active

Cell is quiescent

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7
Q

Hyperphosphorylated RB is

Active/Inactive

A

Inactive

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8
Q

Hypophosphorylated RB is

Active/Inactive

A

Active

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9
Q

Effect of active RB on cell cycle

A

Inhibits cell cycle progression

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10
Q

Effect of inactive RB on cell cycle

A

Cell cycle can proceed

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11
Q

Loss of heterozygosity

A

Loss of remaining normal tumor suppressor gene so only mutant remains

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12
Q

Haploinsufficiency

A

Inactivation of one allele is enough to allow tumor growth (some genes)

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13
Q

How does cancer cell metabolism change?

A

Switches to aerobic glycolysis

“Warburg Effect”

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14
Q

What inhibits PI3K

A

PTEN

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15
Q

What does CDK4-D Cyclin do?

A

Phosphorylates RB -> cell cycle progresses through G1 restriction

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16
Q

What induces p21?

A

P53

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17
Q

What induces P27

A

Growth suppressors

Eg. TGF-B

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18
Q

What induced p21 and what is the effect?

A

P53

Blocks cell cycle by binding to Cyclin-CDK complexes

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19
Q

What does p16/INK4a do?

A

Binds Cyclin D-CDK4 prevents phosphorylation of RB -> cell cycle stopped

20
Q

What does p14/ARF do?

A

Inhibits MDM2 -> Increases p53

21
Q

P53 acts through which molecule to stop the cell cycle?

A

P21

22
Q

APC function

A

Inhibits WNT signalling

23
Q

NF1 function

A

Inhibits RAS/MAPK signalling

24
Q

NF2 function

A

Cytoskeleton stability

Hippo pathway signalling

25
Q

PTCH function

A

Inhibits Hedgehog signalling

26
Q

PTEN function

A

Inhibits PI3K/AKT signalling

27
Q

SMAD2 & 4 function

A

TGF-B signalling pathway:
Inhibits MYC & CDK4
Induces CDK inhibitors

28
Q

Key cell cycle regulators that are commonly mutated in neoplastic cells

A

RB
Cyclin D
P21
CDK4

29
Q

MDM2 function

A

Degrades p53

30
Q

Which molecule causes scirrhous reaction in tumors?

A

PDGF

31
Q

What Cyclin complexes regulate the G1-S transition?

A

CDK4-Cyclin D
CDK6-Cyclin D
CDK2-Cyclin E

32
Q

Which Cyclin complexes are active during S phase?

A

CDK1&2-Cyclin A

33
Q

Which Cyclin complex is active during the G2-M transition

A

CDK1-Cyclin B

34
Q

Inhibitors of CDK4 & 6 - Cyclin D complexes

A 
INK4 Inhibitors: 
P15
P16
P18
P19
35
Q

Inhibitors of all CDKs

A

P21
P27
P57

36
Q

Molecules that sense DNA damage and their effect

A

ATM & ATR

Inactivate MDM2 -> increase p53

37
Q

Keg molecule affected by loss-of-function mutations in VHF

A

HIF1-a

38
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases inactivate which molecule to alter metabolism in neoplastic cells & effect

A

M2 Isoform of pyruvate kinase

Dams pathway -> intermediates for macromolecule synthesis

39
Q

FLIP

A

Protein that binds to death-induced signalling complex -> prevents Caspase 8 activation

40
Q

Anti-apoptosic molecules upregulated in neoplastic cells

A

BCL-2
BCL-XL
MCL-1

41
Q

Main proteases for tumor invasion

A

MMP
Cathepsin D
Urokinase plasminogen activator

42
Q

Genetic alteration in canine mast cell tumors

A

Internal tandem duplication of c-kit gene

43
Q

Gene mutated by aflatoxin B1

A

P53

44
Q

Characteristic of DNA mismatch repair defects

A

Microsatellite instability

45
Q

PP2A function

A

Tumor suppressor that negatively regulates RAF, MEK (both downstream of RAS) and AKT

46
Q

LKB1 function

A

Epithelial protein for contact inhibition

Loss= cells are susceptible to MYC induced carcinogenesis

47
Q

Which molecule is upregulated in neoplastic cells to support energy demands of aerobic glycolysis?

A

GLU1

- glucose transporter

General Pathology (6 decks)

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