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gen path lec > Neoplasia 2 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Large % of cancer incidence in both male and female

A

Male
- prostate 20%
- colon and rectum 9%
- lung, bronchus 13%

Female
- breast 30%
- colon and rectum 7%
- lung, bronchus 13%

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2
Q

Estimated cancer deaths by male and female

A

Male
- lung, bronchus 24%
- prostate 10%

Female
- lung, bronchus 23%
- breast 15%

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3
Q

Environmental factors of cancer

A

Infectious agents
Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Diet
Obesity
Reproductive history
Environmental carcinogens
Age

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4
Q

Human papillomavirus or HPV affects in what part of the body

A

Cervical and headand neck cancers

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5
Q

90% cause of lung cancer

A

Smoking

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6
Q

In what part of the body can you get cancer in alcohol consumption

A

Carcinoma of the oropharynx, larynx and esophagus

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7
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis -> ?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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8
Q

Environmental factors of diet

A

Colorectal carcinoma
Prostate carcinoma
Breast carcinoma

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9
Q

an environmental factor in which14% of cancer deaths in men and 20% in women

A

Obesity (environmetal factors)

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10
Q

Prolonged estrogen exposure can lead to?

A

Breast carcinoma
Endometrial carcinoma

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11
Q

Most carcinomas occur in adults older than?

A

55 years of age

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12
Q

Age in leading cause of death in cancer in male and female

A

Female - ages 40-79 yrs old
Male - ages 60-79 years old

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13
Q

Pedriatic cancers are more likely to be cause by

A

Inherited mutations

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14
Q

Acquired predisposing conditions

A
  1. Chronic inflammation
  2. Precursor lesions
  3. Immunodeficiency states
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15
Q

Chronic inflammations mostly are?

A

Carcinomas

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16
Q

Localized morphologic changes that identify a field of epithelium that is at increased risk for malignant transformatio

A

Precursor lesions

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17
Q

Type of precursor lesion
Endometial hyperplasia -> endometrial carcinoma

A

Hyperplasia

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18
Q

type of precursor lesion
Barret esophagus -> adenocarcinoma

A

Metaplasia

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19
Q

Type of precursor lesio
Villous adenoma -> adenocarcinoma
CIN III - > cervical carcinoma

A

Dysplasia

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20
Q

Increased risk for cancer caused by oncogenic viruses
Those with deficits in T-cell immunity

A

Immunodeficiency states

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21
Q

A cancer that can be inherited
E.g germline mutation in tumor suppressor gene

A

Genetic predisposition

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22
Q

Types of carcinogenesis

A

Chemical
Radiation
Microbial

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23
Q

2 step of chemical carcinogenesis

A

Initiation
Promoter

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24
Q

Results from exposure of cells to a suffecient dose of carcinogenic agent

Causes permanent DNA damage

A

Initiation

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25
Q

Can induce tumor to arise from initiated cells

Not tumorigenic by themselves

A

Promoter

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26
Q

The major chemical carcinogens

A

Direct acting carcinogens
Indirect acting carcinogems

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27
Q

A major chemical carcinogens that does not require metabolic conversion to become carcinogenic

E.g alkylating agents used for chemotherapy

A

Direct acting carcinogens

28
Q

A major chemical carcinogens that require metabolic conversion to become active carcinogens

A

Indirect acting carcinogens

29
Q

Examples of radiation carcinogenesis

A

Uv rays and ionizing radiation

30
Q

Carcinogenic because its ability to cause pyrimidine dimers to form in DNA

Responsible for the induction of cutaneous cancers

A

Ultraviolet rays UVB light

31
Q

Uv spectrum of UVC UVB and UVA

A

UVC - stratosphere
UVB - skin surface
UVA - epidermis

32
Q

Examples of UVB light cutaneous cancers

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Melanoma

33
Q

Radiation induced cancers

A

Myeloid leukemia
Thyroid cancer
Breast, lung and salivary gland carcinoma

34
Q

Organs which are resistant to radiation induced cancers

A

Skin bone GI tract

35
Q

Microbial carcinogenesis: VIRUSES

A

HTLV-1
HPV
EBV
Hepatitis B and C

36
Q

Associated malignancy

Adult T-cell leukemia

A

HTLV-1 virus

37
Q

associated malignancy

Squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix, anogenital region , and heal and neck

A

HPV

38
Q

Associated malignancy

Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

EBV

39
Q

Associated malignancy

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Hepatitis B and C

40
Q

Microbial carcinogenesis: bacteria

A

Helicobacter pylori

41
Q

asociatd malignancy

Gastric adenocarcinoma MALToma

A

Helicobacter pylori

42
Q

How is cancer developed?

A
  1. Proto-oncogenesis: where normal cellular genes promote cell proliferation
  2. Cancer promoting agents
  3. Oncogenes: mutated or over expressed version of proto-oncogenes that function autonomously, having lose dependence on normal growth promoting signals
  4. Cancerous cell na
43
Q

Principal targets of cancer causing mutations

A
  1. Growth promoting proto-oncogene
    ( gain of function )
  2. Growth inhibiting tumor sppressor genes
    ( loss of unction )
  3. Genes that regulate apoptosis
    ( suppress apoptosis -> gain of function, promote apoptosis -> loss of function )
  4. Genes for DNA repair
    ( loss of function )
44
Q

Guardian of the genome

A

P53

45
Q

what is P53?

A

A tumor suppressor gene altered in the majority of cancers

46
Q

P53 causes cell cyclearrest by upregulating the __ inhibitor

A

CDK inhibitor p21

47
Q

Tumor uppressor gene directly or indirectly inactivated in most human cancers

A

RB, governor of the cell cycle

48
Q

In what state is RB (retinoblastoma protein) active?

A

Active in its hypophosphotrylated state preventing G1/S transition

49
Q

Gatekeeper of colonic neoplasia

A

APC - adenomatous polyposis coli

50
Q

Encodes a factor that negatively regulates the WNT pathway in colonic epithelium by promoting the formation of a complex that degrades ___??

A

B-catenin

51
Q

How is cancer developed?

A

Initiating mutation
Acquisiiton of cancer hallmarks
Further genetic evolution

52
Q

The first driver mutation

A

Initating mutation

53
Q

Contribute to te acquisition of cancer hallmarks

A

Driver mutation

54
Q

Mutations that lead to genomic instability

A

Passenger mutation

55
Q

No phenotypic consequence
More common than driver mutations

A

Passenger mutation

56
Q

Hallmarks of cancer

A

Avoiding immune destruction
Sustaining proliferative signaling
Deregulating cellular energetics
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
Genetic instability
Activating invasion and metastasis
Tumor promoting inflammation
Enabling replicative immortality
Evading growth suppressors

57
Q

Associated malignancy

Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

EBV

58
Q

First driver mutation

A

Initiating mutation

59
Q

What agent.

By product of metal smelting
Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma

A

Arsenic and arsenic compounds

60
Q

Typical use of the agent :
For brake linings, floor tiles

A

Asbestos

61
Q

Widely used as solvent and fumigant

Can cause acute myeloid leukemia

A

Benzene

62
Q

What agent

Yellow pigment and phosphors, used as batteries and as allow in metal platings and coating

Can cause prostate carcinoma

A

Cadmium and cadmium compounds

63
Q

Typical use of nickel compound

Can cause lung and oropharyngeal carcinoma

A

By product of stainless steel arc welding

64
Q

What agent:

Vinyl polymers, adhesive for plastics

Causes hepatic angiosarcoma

A

Vinyl chloride

65
Q

Tumor suppressor gene altered in the colonic neoplasms

A

APC

gen path lec (7 decks)

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