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Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Exchange of gases between air and blood

A

Lungs

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2
Q

Defecting development of both lungs that is caused by abnormalities that compress the lung or impede normal lung expansion in utero

A

Pulmonary hyperplasia

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3
Q

Arise from abnormal detachments of primitive foregut

Often located in the hilum or middle mediastinum

Bronchogenic, esophageal or enteric

A

Foregut cysts

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4
Q

Refers to a discrete area of lung tissue that

  1. Lacks any connection to the airway system
    Or
  2. Has abnormal blood supply arising from the aorta or its branches
A

Pulmonary sequestration

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5
Q

Refers either to incomplete expansion of the lung or the collapse of a previous inflated lung

Airless pulmonary parenchyma

A

Atelectasis

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6
Q

3 types of atelectasis

A

Resorption atelectasis
Compression atelectasis
Contraction atelectasis

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7
Q

Caused by complete obstruction of an airway

Mediastinum shifts TOWARDS the atelectatic lung

A

Resorption atelectasis

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8
Q

Results whenever significant volume of fluid accumulate in the pleural cavity

Mediastinum shifts AWAY from theaffected lung

A

Compression atelectasis

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9
Q

Occurs when there is pulmonary or pleural fibrosis

Prevents full lung expansion

A

Contraction atelectasis

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10
Q

Due to increased hydrostatic pressure (left sided congestive heart failure)

Engorged alveolar capillaries, alveolar septal edema, and focal idntraalveolar hemorrhage

A

Hemodynamic pulmonary edema

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11
Q

Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

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12
Q

What initiates acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Initiated by injury of pneumocytes and pulmonary endothelium

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13
Q

Histologic manifestation of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)

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14
Q

Difference of obstructive and restrictive lung disease

A

Obstructive - inc resistance to airflow due to AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

Restrictive - reduce expansion of lung , decreased total lung capacity

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15
Q

Anatomic site of

chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Emphysema
Bronchiolitis

A

Bronchus
Bronchus
Bronchus
Acinus
Bronchiole

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16
Q

% of heavy smokers develop COPD

A

35-50%

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17
Q

Overlap between asthama and COPD

A

Obstructive lung disease

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18
Q

Irreversible enlargement of the airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole

Destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis

A

Emphysema

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19
Q

4 types of emphysema

A

Centriacinar emphysema
Panacinar emphysema
Distal acinar emphysema
Irregular emphysema

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20
Q

Central and proximal parts of the acini are affected.

A

Centriacinar emphysema

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21
Q

In what part of the alveoli is it spared in centriacinar?

A

Distal alveoli

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22
Q

an emphysema that is More common and usually more severe in the upper lobe

Occurs predominantly in heave smokers

A

Centriacinar emphysema

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23
Q

Acini are uniformly enlarged from the level of the respiratory bronchiole to the terminal blind alveoli

A

Panacinar emphysema

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24
Q

An emphysema that occurs commonly in the lower zones and in the anterior margins of the lung

It is associated with a1-antitrypsin deficiency

A

Panacinar emphysema

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25
Q

Proximal portion of the acinus is normal, adn the distal part is predominantly involved

Underlies many cases of spontaneous pneumothorax in young adults

A

Distal acinar emphysema

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26
Q

Airspace is irregularly involved

Associated with scarring

A

Irregular emphysema

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27
Q

Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years, in the absence of any other identifiable cause

May accelerate decline in lung function

A

Chronic bronchitis

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28
Q

Chronic disorder of the conducting airways caused by an immunological reaction

A

Asthma

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29
Q

Most common tpe of asthma

A

Atopic asthma

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30
Q

What antibody is mediated in atopic asthma

A

IgE mediated hypersensitivity

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31
Q

Does not have evidence of allergen sensitization

A

Non-atopic asthma

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32
Q

anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin triggers asthma by inhibiting COX pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism leading to decreased PGE2

A

Drug-induced asthma

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33
Q

It is triggered by fumes, organic dusts, gases and chemicals

A

Occupational asthma

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34
Q

Airway remodelling of asthma

A

Thickeningof airway wall

Sub basement membrane fibrosis

Increased vascularity

Increase in size and submucosal glands and number of airway goblet cells

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the broncihial wall muscle

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35
Q

Disorder in which destruction of SM and elastic tissue leads to permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles

A

Bronchiectasis

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36
Q

A group of disorder characterized predominantly by inflammation and fibrosis of the pulmonary interstitial

A

Chronic diffuse interstitial disease

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37
Q

Amount of dust retained in lung and airways

A

Pneumoconioses

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38
Q

Lung disease caused by inhalation of coal particles and other admixed forms of dust

A

Coal workers pneumoconiosis

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39
Q

Histological features of coal workers penumoconiosis

A

Coal macules
Carbon laden macrophages
Blackened scars 1cm or larger
Dense collagen and pigment

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40
Q

Caused by inhalation of pro-inflammatory crystalline silicone dioxide (silica)

A

Silicosis

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41
Q

Most preveant chronic occupation disease in the world

42
Q

What inflammatory cells activates in silicosis

A

IL-1 and IL18

43
Q

Gross morphology of silicosis

A

Hard, collagenous scars
Eggshell calcification

44
Q

Family of pro inflammatory crystalline hydrated silicates

A

Asbestos-related disease

45
Q

Two types of asbestos related disease

A

Serpentine and amphibole

46
Q

Asbestos related disease that 90% of the asbestos is used in industry . It impacts in the upper respiratory

A

Serpentine

47
Q

Asbestos related disease that is more pathogenic than chrysotiles. It is delivered deeper into the lungs where they can penetrate the epithelial cells

48
Q

Most common presentation of asbestosis

A

Pleural plaques

49
Q

Most common form of thromboembolic disease

A

Pulmonary embolism

50
Q

pulmonary embolism Occurs predominantly in what sex and where is its origin

A

Males , DVT >95%

51
Q

What do you call the large embolus in main pulmonary artery

A

Saddle embolus

52
Q

An embolism that may occur if with interatrial or interventricular defect

A

Paradoxical embolism

53
Q

About ___ of infarcts affect the ___

A

75%
Lower lobe

54
Q

Pulmonary embolus can be distinguished from a postmortem clot by the presence of ____ in the thrombus

A

Lines of zahn

55
Q

In what type of clot can you see lines of zahn

A

Antemortem clot

56
Q

are associated with medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary muscular and elastic arteries and right ventricular hypertrophy.

A

Pulmonary hypertension

57
Q

What organ can cause injury in goodpasture snydrome

A

Kidney and lungs due to circulating autoantibodies against the noncollagenous domain of the a3 chain of collagen IV

58
Q

Majority of patients are active smokes

A

Goodpasture syndrome

59
Q

a rare disorder characterized by intermittent, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.

Most cases occur in young children,

A

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis

60
Q

It is previously classed as WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS

It involves the upper respiratory of the lungs

Symptoms: hemoptysis

A

Polyangiitis with granulomatosis

61
Q

Symptoms of polyangiitis with granulomatosis

A

Hemoptysis

62
Q

Local pulmonary defense mechanism may be compromised by many factors including:

A

Loss or suppression of the cough reflex
Dysfunction of the mucociliary apparatus
Accumulation of secretion
Pulmonary congestion and edema

63
Q

Community acquired bacterial pneumonias

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  2. Haemophilus influenzae
  3. Moraxella catarrhalis
  4. Staphylococcus aureus
  5. Legionella pneumophila
  6. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  7. Pseudomoas aeruginosa
  8. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  9. Lobar pneumonia
64
Q

Aka pneumococus

Most common cause of CAP

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

65
Q

The most common bacterial cause of acute exacerbations of COPD

A

Haemophilus influenzae

66
Q

Pleomorphic, gram-negative organism that occurs in encapsulated and non-encapsulated forms

Descending laryngotracheobronchitis results in airway obstrucion

A

Haemophilus influenzae

67
Q

Common in the elderly and it is the 2nd most common bacterial cause of acute exacerbatin of COPD

One of the 3 most common cause of otitis media in children

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

68
Q

High incidence of complication: lung abscess and emphysema

IV drug users are at high risk in developiong of staphylococcal pneumonia in associated with endocarditis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

69
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia

A

Staphylococcus aureus

70
Q

Most frequent cause of gram0negative bacterial pneumonia

It is seen in chronic alcoholics

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

71
Q

Common in patients who are neutropenic

Seen in cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised patients

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

72
Q

Legionnaires disease

A

Legionella pneumophilia

73
Q

This organism flourishes in articifal aquatic environments

Pontaic fever

A

Legionella pneumophilia

74
Q

a community acquired pneumonia that is Common among children and younh adults

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

75
Q

4 stages of lobar pneumonia

A
  1. Congestion
  2. Red hepatization
  3. Gray hepatization
  4. Resolution
76
Q

What are the community acquired viral pneumonias

A

Influenza virus type A and B
Respiratory syncytial virus
Human metapneumovirus
Adenovirus rhinoviruses
Rubeola
Varicella viruses

77
Q

Factors that favor extension of the infection to the lung include

A

Extreme of age
Malnutrition
Alcoholism
Underlying debilitating illness

78
Q

Proteins of inflluenza

A

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins

79
Q

Major cause of pandemic and epidemic in influenza infections

A

In humans, pigs, horses and birds

80
Q

What drift in influenza may cause epidemics and has a minor change within subtype

A

Antigenic drift

81
Q

What shift in influenza may cause pandemic and has a major change creating new subtyoes

A

Antigenic shift

82
Q

a virus that is Associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections

A

Human metapneumovirus

83
Q

What protein does human coronavirus binds to

A

ACE2 protein

84
Q

Enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus

Highly pathogenic type is SARS-CoV-2

A

Human coronavirus

85
Q

In what specific location can we find ACE2 protein

A

On the surface of pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells

86
Q

acquired by inhalation of dust particles from soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings that contain small spores (microconidia), the infectious form of the fungus.

A

Histoplasmosis

87
Q

What is the treatment of histoplasmosis

A

Antifungal agents

88
Q

Soil-=inhabiting dimorphic fungus

Has 3 clinical forms
1. Pulmonary blastomycosis
2. Disseminated blastomycosis
3. Rare primary cutaneous form

A

Blastomycosis

89
Q

When inhaled, it develops a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus, but most remain asymptomatic

A

Coccidioidomycosis

90
Q

Most lung cancers are associated with a well known carcinogen

A

Cigarette smoke

91
Q

Most common subtype in never smokers

A

Adenocarcinoma

KRAS 30%

92
Q

Small precursor lesion (≤5 mm) Dysplastic pneumocytes lining alveolar walls that are mildly fibrotic

A

Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia

93
Q

< 3 cm in size
Dysplastic cells growing along pre-existing alveolar septa. May or may not have intracellular mucin

A

Adenocarcinoma in situ

94
Q

Tumors (≤3 cm) with a small invasive component (≤5 mm) associated with scarring and a peripheral lepidic growth pattern

A

Adenocarcinoma

95
Q

No known pre-invasive phase
MOST aggressive of lung tumors
Salt and pepper pattern

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

96
Q

Typial and atypical carcinoids

Collar-button lesion

Small,rounded,uniform nuclei and moderate amounts of cytoplasm

A

Carcinoid tumors

97
Q

Undifferentiated

Diagnosis of exclusion

A

Large cell carcinoma

98
Q

The most common site of metastatic neoplasms

A

Metastatic tumors to the lungs

99
Q

where does primitive foregut Often located in

A

hilum or middle mediastinum

100
Q

3 most common cause of otitis media

A

S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis

101
Q

Where does viral pneumonias generally occur

A

Frequently in interstitial and not in alveolar

gen path lec (7 decks)

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