Neoplasia 1 Flashcards
Neoplasia means?
New growth
Greek word of tumor
Oncos
A collection of cells and stroma composing new growths
Neoplasms
Two components of a tumor or neoplasm
Tumor parenchyma and reactive stroma
A component of tumor or neoplasm that is composed of neoplastic cells. It also determines the tumor classification and their biologic behavior
Tumor parenchyma
A component of neoplasm that is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels and cells of the adaptive and innate immune system. It determines the growth and spread of the tumor
Reactive stroma
Remained localized at their site of origin and are generally amenable to surgical removal
Benign tumors
Types of benign tumors
Mesenchymal and epithelial
Suffix for benign tumors, both in mesenchymal and epithelial
“Oma”
Derived from glandular tissues even if the tumor cell fails to form glandular structures
Adenoma
Fingerlike or warty projections
Papilloma - epithelial tumors
A benign tumor that is a large cystic mass (in the ovary)
Cystadenoma
Benign tumors that isa papillary projection that protrudes into cystic spaces
Papillary cystadenoma
Benign tumor that is grossly visible projection above a mucosal surface
e.g gastric or colonic lumen
Polyp
Benign tumor that is a polypoid tissue with containing glandular elements
Adenomatous polyp
Can invade and destroy adjacent structure and spread to distant sites
Malignant tumor
Suffix for malignant tumor
Sarcoma
Types of malignant tumor
Mesenchymal tumor
Epithelial tumors
Mixed tumors
What are mesenchymal tumors
A malignant tumor that are Blood forming cells ( leukemia and lymphoma )
Malignant epithelial tumors are called?
Carcinoma
Tumors having more than one line of differentiation
Mixed tumor
Examples of mixed tumors
Mature cystic teratoma
Dermoid cyst
Greek sar = ?
Fleshy
Benign and malignant name for connective tissues and derivatives
Fibrous tissue
Adipocytes
Cartilage cells
Bone cells
Muscle cells
- smooth
- striated
Fibroma - fibrosarcoma
Lipoma - liposarcoma
Chondroma -chondrosarcoma
Osteoma - osteogenic sarcoma
Leiomyoma - leiomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyoma - rhabdomyosarcoma
Vessels and surface coverings
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
Mesothelium
Brain covering
Hemangioma - angiosarcoma
Lymphangioma - lymphangiosarcoma
Benign fibrous tumor - mesothelioma
Meningioma - invasive meningioma
Tissue origin of meningioma
Meningothelial cells
Blood cells and related cell types
Hematopoietic cells
Lymphoid tissues
Malignant:
- leukemias
- lymphomas
Tumors of epithelial origin:
Stratified squamous
Basal cells of skin or adnexa
Melanocytes
Epithelial lining of glands or ducts
Respiratory passages
Renal epithelium
Liver cells
Urinary tract epithelium (transitional epithelium)
Placenta epithelium
Testicular epithelium (germ cells)
Squamous cell papilloma - squamous cells carcinoma
——— basal cell carcinoma
Nevus - malignant melanoma
Adenoma papilla cystadenoma - adenocarcinoma papillary carcinomas cystadenocarcinoma
Bronchial adenoma - bronchogenic carcinoma
Renal tubular adenoma - renal cell carcinoma
Hepatic adenoma - hepatocellular carcinoma
Transitional cell papilloma - transitional cell carcinoma
Hydatidiform mole - choriocarcinoma
——— seminoma embryonal carcinoma
More than one neoplastic cell type - mixed tumors, usually derived from one germ cell layer
Salvary glands
Renal anlage
Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor of salivary origin) - malignant mixed tumor of salivary gland origin
—— wilms tumor
More than one neoplastic cell type derived from more than one germ cell layer - teratogenous
Totipotential cells in gonads or i embryonic rests
Mature teratoma - immature teratoma
dermoid cyst —- teratocarcinoma
A benign neoplasm that has a disorganized masses composed of cells indigenous to the involved tissue
Hamartomas
Heterotopic (misplaced) rest of cells
Choristoma or heterotopia
Comparison between benign and malignant tumor
Differentiation/anaplasia
Rate of growth
Local invasion
Metastasis
BENIGN
- well differentiated
- usually progressive and slow
- does not infiltrate or invade surrounding normal tissues
- absent
MALIGNANT
- lack differentiation (anaplasia)
- erratic
- locally invasive
- frequent: with large undifferentiated primary tumors
The spread of tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor
Metastasis
Typical of spread of sarcomas but is also seen with carcinomas
Hematogenous spread
Most carcinoma are found to have what spread?
Lymphatic spread
3 categories of metastasis?? Or carcinomas
- Direct seeding of body cavities or surface
- Lymphatic spread
- Hematogenous spread
Abnormal nuclear morphology
- Increased N:C ratio
- Nuclear shape
- Chromatin
- Hyperchromatism
What is the normal N:C ratio
1:4 to 1:6
Variation in cell size and shape
Pleomorphism
Morphologic change of malignant neoplasm
Poorly and moderately differentiated neoplasms
Pleomorphism
Abnormal nuclear morphology
Reflects high rate of proliferation
Mitoses
sheets or large masses of tumor cells grow in a disorganized fashion
Loss of polarity
What kind of necrosis occurs inmalignant neoplasms
Ischemic necrosis
Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
Prone ti malignant transformation
Metaplasia
Metaplasia of barret esophagus and squamous metaplasia of bronchus
BE - squamous to columnar epithelium
SMB - respiratory epithelium to squamous epithelium
Means disordered growth
May exhibit
- pleomorphism
- large hyperchromatic nuclei
- high N:C ratio
Dysplasia
A precursor to malignancy
Dysplasia
Full thickness dysplasia
No breach in the basement membrane
Carcinoma in situ
Where can you see carcinoma in situ
Skin, breast, bladder and uterine cervix
High probability of progression to invasive acncer
Carcinoma in situ
Examples of local invasion - malignant neoplasm
Invasive ductal carcinoma - breast
Tissue origin of mature teratoma and dermoid cyst
Totipotential cells in gonads or in embryonic rests
Examples of local invasion - benign neoplasm
Fibroadenoma
Hemangioma
The study of new growth or neoplasms
Oncology
examples of epithelial tumor in malignant tumor
squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
